chapter 8 memory

Question 1

What is memory in psychology?

Answer 1

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Question 2

What are the three basic processes of memory?

Answer 2

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 3

What is encoding?

Answer 3

The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 4

What is storage?

Answer 4

The process of maintaining information over time.

Question 5

What is retrieval?

Answer 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 6

What is sensory memory?

Answer 6

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.

Question 7

What is iconic memory?

Answer 7

A fast-decaying visual sensory memory.

Question 8

What is echoic memory?

Answer 8

A brief auditory sensory memory.

Question 9

What is short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 9

Definition: A temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.
Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (Miller’s Law).
Duration: Approximately 15–30 seconds.

Question 10

What is working memory?

Answer 10

An active processing system for temporarily storing and manipulating information.

Question 11

Who proposed the concept of working memory?

Answer 11

Baddeley and Hitch.

Question 12

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 12

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.

Question 13

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 13

Explicit is conscious memory; implicit is unconscious memory.

Question 14

What is episodic memory?

Answer 14

Memory of personally experienced events.

Question 15

What is semantic memory?

Answer 15

Memory of general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

Question 16

What is procedural memory?

Answer 16

Memory for skills and actions.

Question 17

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 17

Tendency to recall first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list better.

Question 18

What is chunking?

Answer 18

Organizing information into meaningful units to enhance memory.

Question 19

What is rehearsal?

Answer 19

Conscious repetition of information to maintain it in short-term memory.

Question 20

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 20

Linking new information to existing knowledge to improve retention.

Question 21

What is the method of loci?

Answer 21

A mnemonic using spatial locations to help remember information.

Question 22

What is the peg-word method?

Answer 22

A mnemonic linking words with numbers to remember sequences.

Question 23

What is context-dependent memory?

Answer 23

Improved recall when in the same context as encoding.

Question 24

What is state-dependent memory?

Answer 24

Improved recall when in the same physical or emotional state as encoding.

Question 25

What is the forgetting curve?

Answer 25

Ebbinghaus’ principle that memory retention declines over time without rehearsal.

Question 26

What is proactive interference?

Answer 26

Older information interferes with the recall of new information.

Question 27

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 27

New information interferes with the recall of older information.

Question 28

What is amnesia?

Answer 28

Severe loss of memory due to brain injury, disease, or trauma.

Question 29

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 29

Inability to form new long-term memories after brain injury.

Question 30

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 30

Loss of memories formed before brain injury.

Question 31

What is the difference between recognition and recall?

Answer 31

Recognition: identifying correct information; recall: retrieving information without cues.

Question 32

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Answer 32

The temporary inability to recall information that you know is in memory.

Question 33

What is reconstructive memory?

Answer 33

Memory that is pieced together from a few highlights and prior knowledge.

Question 34

Who researched eyewitness memory and misinformation effect?

Answer 34

Elizabeth Loftus.

Question 35

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 35

Memory distortion due to misleading information after an event.

Question 36

What is source amnesia?

Answer 36

Forgetting where or how you acquired information.

Question 37

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 37

Highly vivid and detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.

Question 38

What is encoding failure?

Answer 38

Failure to process information into long-term memory.

Question 39

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 39

Inability to access stored information.

Question 40

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 40

Explicit requires conscious recall; implicit is automatic or unconscious.

Question 41

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Answer 41

Critical for forming new explicit memories.

Question 42

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

Answer 42

Enhances memory for emotionally significant events.

Question 43

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 43

Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity; a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 44

What is rehearsal’s effect on memory retention?

Answer 44

Increases the likelihood that information will be stored in long-term memory.

Question 45

What is a mnemonic device?

Answer 45

A memory aid that uses vivid imagery or organizational devices to improve recall.

Question 46

What is an example of semantic encoding?

Answer 46

Encoding meaning of words rather than exact letters or sounds.

Question 47

What is an example of acoustic encoding?

Answer 47

Encoding sounds of words, such as rhymes.

Question 48

What is an example of visual encoding?

Answer 48

Encoding images or visual information for memory.

Question 49

What is metacognition in memory?

Answer 49

Awareness and understanding of one’s own memory processes.