Concrete operational thinking
- 7 to 11 years
- use mental operations to solve problems and to reason
- irreversibility and centration diminishes
- egocentricity lessens
- cannot do abstract thinking
Memory skills in the concrete operational period
- more effective strategies for remembering
- growing factual knowledge of the world
- knowledge organizes memory and distorts recall
- scripts aid recall, but can distort memory
- ‘goal-plan structure’ in long-term memory
Information-Processing Elements that aid memory
- strategies (deliberate acts used to remember)
- monitoring (assessing effectiveness of strategy and progress toward goal)
- knowledge (understanding of relations between items that helps remembering)
- scripts (memory structure that allows us to remember events that aleays occur in a specified order)
Psychometrics/Spearman
- using patterns of test performance as starting point to answer questions
- Spearman: test scores provide measure of general intelligence (psychometric g); four categories of intelligence are mechanical, logical, spatial, arithmetical
Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities Theory (7)
- argued for specific intelligences (don’t necessarily relate to each other)
- Primary Mental Abilities Theory:
- verbal comprehension
- verbal fluency
- number or arithmetic ability
- memory
- perceptual speed
- inductive reasoning
- spatial visualization
Caroll’s theory of intelligence (8)
- general intelligence is composed of many different types of intelligence
- fluid intelligence: sequential reasoning, induction, quantitative reasoning
- crystallized intelligence: printed language, language comprehension, vocabulary
- general memory and learning: memory span, associative memory
- broad visual perception: visualization, spatial relations, closure speed
- broad auditory perception: speech sound and general sound discrimination
- broad retrieval ability: creativity, ideational fluency, naming facility
- broad cognitive speediness: rate of test taking, numerical facility, perceptual speed
- processing speed: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, semantic processing speed
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (8)
- Linguistic
- Logical-mathematical
- Spatial
- Musical
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
- componential subtheory: basic processes called components
- experiential subtheory: applying existing knowledge
- contextual subtheory: adapting to one’s environment
- successful intelligence contains: analytic, creative, practical
Binet
- used mental age to distinguish bright and dull children
- compare chronological age with mental age
- basis for IQ
Terman
coined term I.Q.
Girls typically excel in…
VERBAL SKILLS
- verbal ability
- unscrambling scrambled words
- quality of speech production
- reading, writing, spelling
- more boys have language-related problems
- maybe bc left hemisphere develops faster in girls, or bc reading is ‘feminine’
Boys typically have better _______ skill
mental rotation and spatial ability
Gender differences in math skills
- initially girls excel in math computation
- later boys excel in math problem-solving
- girls score higher on standardized tests in middle childhood, boys score better in high school and university
- girls get lower grades on standardized tests but higher grades in math courses
Differentiated instruction
making adaptations to the classroom environment and teaching methods to accommodate children’s personal strengths, weaknesses, and preferred ways of learning
Response to intervention
an educational model based on frequent progress monitoring and evidence-based, strategic responses to students’ measured achievement levels
