Piaget’s stage of formal operational reasoning (overview)
- age 11 to adulthood
- can do inferential reasoning (think ab things they’ve never experienced)
- can reason using abstract entities
- hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- can process counterfactual information using deductive reasoning
Piaget’s pendulum problem
- children of different ages given different strings and weights
- asked to determine what influences speed of pendulum swinging
- formal operational adolescents hypothesize ab effects of many variables
3 features of formal operational reasoning
- abstract
- hypothetical
- deductive
Information Processing during adolescence
- theorists think adolescence is not a distinct stage of cognitive dev, but is a transitional period between cog processes of childhood and adulthood
- working memory processing speed at adult-like levels
- adult-like levels of knowledge
- good metacognitive skills (thinking about one’s own thought processes)
- reflective judgement
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
- influenced by Piaget
- moral reasoning is part of cognitive development
- each level involves a moral dilemma
- preconventional level, conventional level, postconventional level
Preconventional Level (Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development)
STAGE 1 - obedience orientation: obey authority (punishment and obedience)
STAGE 2 - instrumental orientation: behave nicely in exchange for future favours (instrumental purpose)
Conventional Level (Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development)
STAGE 3 - interpersonal norms: live up to others’ expectations (how it will look to others)
STAGE 4 - social system morality: follow rules to maintain social order
Postconventional Level (Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development)
STAGE 5 - social contract orientation: adhere to a social contract when it is valid
STAGE 6 - universal ethical principles: develop personal morality based on abstract principles (few people reach this stage)
Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring
- Kohlberg’s emphasis on justice applies more to men than to women
- feminine morality is often rooted in concern for others
- there are cultural differences in moral reasoning factors
Identity Achievement
- James Marcia’s Identity Statuses
- high exploration, high commitment
- committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values and goals
- feel a sense of psychological well-being, sameness through time, knowing where they are going
Identity Moratorium
- James Marcia’s Identity Statuses
- high exploration, low commitment
- have not yet made definitive commitments
- desire to find values and goals to guide their lives
Identity Foreclosure
- James Marcia’s Identity Statuses
- low exploration, high commitment
- committed to values and goals without exploring alternatives
- accept ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures
Identity Diffusion
- James Marcia’s Identity Statuses
- low exploration, low commitment
- not committed to values and goals and not actively trying to reach them
Crystallization
- emerging identity as a source of career ideas
- similar to exploration
Specification
- learning about specific kinds of work
- start training for specific job
- similar to commitment
Implementation
- entering the workforce
- learning first-hand about jobs
Realistic Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- enjoy physical labour and working with hands, like to solve concrete problems
- career: mechanic, truck driver, construction worker
Investigative Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- task-oriented, enjoy thinking about abstract problems
- career: scientist, technical writer
Social Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- skilled verbally and interpersonally, enjoy solving problems using these skills
- career: teacher, counsellor, social worker
Conventional Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- verbal and quantitative skills, like to apply them to structured tasks assigned by others
- career: bank teller, payroll clerk, traffic manager
Enterprising Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- enjoy using verbal skills in positions of power, status, and leadership
- career: business executive, television producer, real estate agent
Artistic Personality
- Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
- enjoy expressing themselves through unstructured tasks
- career: poet, musician, actor
Holland’s 6 personality types
- realistic
- investigative
- social
- conventional
- enterprising
- artistic
Dysgraphia
learning problems in the area of writing
