Chapter 12

Question 1

agricultural dualism

Answer 1

The practice of working for a large farm while maintaining a smaller farm

Question 2

Amazonia

Answer 2

The largest rainforest in the world, found in the Amazon region of South America

Question 3

Banana Republic

Answer 3

refers to a small country that is overly dependent on one export commodity and is ruled by a corrupt elite

Question 4

biomes

Answer 4

A region with similar vegetation

Question 5

black earth

Answer 5

Patches of fertile black soil made by per-Colombian farmers by adding charcoal, bone, and manure to otherwise infertile soil.

Question 6

cold water desert

Answer 6

A desert formed where the prevailing wind coming onto the land is dry and cold, making precipitation unlikely

Question 7

colonialism

Answer 7

Taking over territory and physically controlling its government and economy

Question 8

Columbia Exchange

Answer 8

Centered on the Atlantic Ocean, the movement of migrants (forced and voluntary), plants and seeds, animals, diseases, knowledge, and cultures among Europe, Africa, and the Americas, dating back to 1500.

Question 9

conquistadors

Answer 9

Spaniards who worked for the crown to conquer the Americas

Question 10

conservation

Answer 10

An approach to maintaining biodiversity by using the land within its biological limits

Question 11

domesticated

Answer 11

A plant purposefully grown by humans for consumption or feed. Also animals purposefully reared by humans for consumption or labor.

Question 12

ecotourism

Answer 12

Nature-based tourism that seeks to conserve the environment and improve the economic position of local populations.

Question 13

encomienda

Answer 13

A Spanish system whereby a conquistador was granted responsibility for a number of indigenous people with the expectation the conquistador would teach the indigenous the Spanish language and Catholic faith in return for labor

Question 14

endemic species

Answer 14

A species, plant or animal, found only in the location (typically an island)

Question 15

gender

Answer 15

refers to the roles, behaviors and activities that a society considers appropriate for men and women, boys and girls.

Question 16

Greater Antilles

Answer 16

The larger Caribbean islands found in the northwest part of the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico

Question 17

haciendas

Answer 17

Large land-holdings granted to conquistadors during the Spanish colonial period

Question 18

historical cultural ecology

Answer 18

A subfield of geography that examines historical farming systems and historical human-environment interactions

Question 19

Iberian

Answer 19

southwestern peninsula of Europe, where Space and Portugal are now located

Question 20

import substitution

Answer 20

Government policies to protect and encourage domestic production of goods

Question 21

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Answer 21

A global low-pressure belt that migrates between the Tropics of Capicorn and Cancer over the year, with the direct rays of the sun. The ITCZ largely drives seasonal wind and moisture patterns in tropical areas of Africa.

Question 22

latifundias

Answer 22

Large agricultural estates that produce crops for export, many of which where granted to colonizers during the first wave of colonialism

Question 23

Lesser Antilles

Answer 23

The smaller Caribbean island found in the southeast part of the Caribbean Sea

Question 24

machismo

Answer 24

strong masculine roles that make one manly

Question 25

mercantilism

Answer 25

An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies

Question 26

Mesoamerica

Answer 26

The subregion of Latin America that includes Mexico and Central America, typically used in reference to Mayan and Aztec civilizations

Question 27

mestizo

Answer 27

Euro-Amerind. Latin American person with mixed ancestry.

Question 28

minifundias

Answer 28

Small-scale subsistence farms, many of which date to the first wave of colonialism

Question 29

monoculture

Answer 29

agricultural productions relying on planting a single crop

Question 30

mulatto

Answer 30

Euro-African

Question 31

mutualism

Answer 31

Coevolution of species that rely on each other for survival.

Question 32

oxisols

Answer 32

Nutrient-poor tropical soils that are highly weathered, form in moist climates, and easily drain water.

Question 33

parastatals

Answer 33

State-run companies such as the Mexican oil corporation Pemex.

Question 34

petrodollars

Answer 34

The system in place since the early 1970s whereby oil producing countries, including Saudi Arabia, value their oil in U.S. dollars and create demand for U.S. dollars

Question 35

race

Answer 35

Social constructs of differences among humans based on skin color that have had profound consequences on rights and opportunities.

Question 36

slash and burn agriculture

Answer 36

Agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation

Question 37

syncretic religions

Answer 37

Merging or combining two or more religions to form a new religion or set of religious beliefs.

Question 38

Third World Debt Crisis

Answer 38

Economic instability in the 1980s caused when a number of developing countries could no longer afford to pay interest on loans.

Question 39

triple heritage

Answer 39

The mixture of indigenous, African, and Iberian identities in Latin America dating back to the Colombian Exchange

Question 40

ultisols

Answer 40

Nutrient-poor tropical soils that are reddish in color, strongly leached, and typically found in forests.

Question 41

West Indies

Answer 41

The vernacular name used for the region of the Caribbean because Columbus believed he reached the Indies of Southeast Asia when he landed in Hispaniola in 1492

Question 42

zambo

Answer 42

Afro-Amerind

Question 43

preservation

Answer 43

An approach to maintaining biodiversity by setting aside land and resources so they are not used for consumption.