accessibility
ease of flow between two places
digital divide
the growing gap in access to internet and communication technologies between connected and remote places
agency
ability of local actors and individuals to voice an opinion or affect change
colonialism
taking over a territory and physically controlling its government and economy
agglomeration effect
cost advantages created when similar businesses cluster in the same location
glocalization
adapting a global phenomenon to suit a local need or context
multinational corporations
privately or publicly held companies with global presences
international monetary fund
international financial institution that monitors policies affecting exchange rates between currencies. Traditionally has a European president.
climate change
the generation of new climate patterns as a result of human activities
Atlantic world
The lands and sea lanes around the Atlantic Ocean that were connected through trade during the Age of Exploration from 1400s to the 1900s
First wave of colonialism
From late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa.
Landlocked
State that shares its borders only with other states, not with oceans or seas.
double exposure
The combined effect of two global processes on one local place.
forward linkage
Relationship between a company and its purchasers or distributors.
backward linkage
relationship between a company and its suppliers.
Anthropocene
the current geologic era in which humans place a major role in shaping Earth’s environment
Hegemon
The state that is the world power and shapes the tone and rules of politics and trade in a particular era.
initial advantage
economic boost experienced by a region that is the hearth of production for a good.
backwash effect
negative economic impact in one region that stems from positive economic impact in another region.
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Privately funded institutions that aid in development and relief work.
Petrodollars
The system in place sine the early 1970s whereby oil-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia, value their oil in U.S. dollars and create demand for U.S. dollars.
Network
A system of connections among people and places.
Scramble for Africa
During the 1800s when European countries claimed colonies in Africa in order to control resources in Africa and to bolster their own nationalism.
World Bank
International financial institution that primarily lends money for development and infrastructure projections. Traditionally has an American president.
