world population growth
- early 1804 rate of increase began to accelerate
- twentith century under 2 bill, ended with tripple that
demography
statistical study of human populations
- helps us understand the causes and consequences of pop changes
- helps gov figure out things like schools
- helps businiesses about family size and marketing strategies
Census
- most complete way to gather information about a population
- found as early as the ancient civilizations of egypt and rome, allowed rulers to identify # people under their rule, taxpayers, potential labourers and soldiers
- UN says its” the total process of collecting compiling and publishing demographic economic and social data pertaining to a particular time to all persons in a particular country”
- Canada has a census every ten yrs (yrs ending in 1) and a minor one every 5 yrs
- developed countries have resources to make sure info is current; in developing countries info is usually less acurate
- this is because registration of births/deaths not as complete, census takers may not be able to reach remote towns, shanty town residents aren’t counted, some may avoid
Canadian Census
- Canada has a census every ten yrs (yrs ending in 1) and a minor one every 5 yrs
- Statistics Canada collected info on pop #’s , and characteristics like age, education
- some are choosen to give more detailed info like about their accomodation, income, buying habitis
- hundreds of interested groups hold surveys to find out and predict things such as market trends, tv viewing patterns, voting pref
population rates
- demographers are interested in statistics that help predict changes in society
ex. #working women effect birth rate, diet etc. - equation not useful comparing births/deaths of country w/ widely dif pop sizes; birth rates and death rates used
- use rates per thousand when figuring out population change
3 components of population change & equation
- how many people are born
- how many people die
- how many move in or out of an area (immigration/ emmigration)
births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants = pop change
crude birth rate
crude death rate
natural increase
dividng the # of births per yr by the population X 1000
dividng the # of deaths per yr by the population X 1000
births - deaths
Rule of Seventy
- human pop has potential to grow at ever increasing rate
- doubling time of a pop is approx. equal to 70/ birth rate %
The effect of migrations
- pop increases in some countries, particularly canada depends on immigrants, as well emigrants leave the country each yr affecting the demography
- immigraation and emigration rates calculated same as BR/DR
- most immigrants come to canada as economic migrants from developing nations wanting to better their standard of living, others come as refugees seeking to escaper persecution
- immigrants affect the structure of pop by age and sex
- most immigrants are young and generally single males (giving younger pop, eventually higher birth rate to host country) (opposite occoured in migration from east to west germany - east became old pop)
Demographic Transition Model - about (4)
- shows population change over a period of time in three elements: birth rates, death rates and trends in pop #s
- model assumes in any country high in birth and death rates (stage 1) will gradually fall (stage 2 & 3)
- model based on what has happened in developed countries it assumes that countries will pass through periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to reduced rates
- useful in showing how the pop growth rates that are industrializing are in a state of transition
demographic transition model stages
- high birth rates and fluctuating death rates result in small pop growth plauges, diseases and poor nutrition keep mortality high
- improved health care, sanitation and increased food supplies leads to rapid fall in death rates. birth rates are still high so there is a rapid increase in population numbers
- population growth begins to decline, birth rates fall. industrialization, urbanization and improved living standards lead to less desire for large families.
4: The transition is complete. There is a stable or slow population increase with low birth and death
rates. The birth rate may fluctuate in special circumstances, such as the post-war baby boom. - Birth rates drop below death rates. Many older people are in the population. This is happening increasingly in European countries and in Japan. It is not known whether this trend will extend to other regions
Age structure of populations
helps us understnad the reason for changes in a population
- demographers devide pop into 3 groups (children 15 & under, working adults 16-64, adults 64+)
- gives us dependecny ratio
dependency ration
proportion of pop that is being supported by the working age group
- can give us insights into problems that could arise in future rusulting from a predomintly/old pop
population pyramids
a graph that shows the age and sex structures of a pop
a series of horizonal bar graphs are placed back to back (m&f) at age intervals of 5 yrs called cohorts
- make it eaiser to see the structure of a pop also useful in comparing the pop structure of dif countries
- countries w/ high birth rates have many children with an EXPANDING pop
- STABLE pop will have birth and death rates in balance
- CONTRACTING pop will have a growth rate below the replacement level
- in genral expanding = developing countries , stable/contracting = developed
canada’s pop past & future
- canada birth & death rate has been dropping steadily for the past 30 yrs, which means our pop is getting older
- life expectancy increased dramatically like most developed countires
- increase in elders puts strain/pressure on social and medical serviecs, costs of health services increase
- age stucuture is one of the main factors the fed gov considers when deciding # of immigrants canada should accept each yr
- without immigration our pop would have shrunk, main difficulty gov faces is in attracting young skilled workers to offset the aging workforce
dependency too you or too old
- major change in the age structure of world pop as numbers increase, never been so many people in the dependent catagory
- change will put more pressure on the financial resources of its country - japan - gov declared that the aging pop to be biggest challenge w/ high life expectancy
- some developing countries have young dependants under the age of 15 making up almost half of their population, These countries remain in a cycle of poverty, as their limited resources and attempts to improve development are swallowed up by young populations.
- India and sub-Saharan Africa, with a combined population of more than 2 billion people, face a daunting task of providing employment for the increasing numbers of young people entering the labour market (not many opportunites, high unemployment)
where do all da people live
population distribution
ecumene
population distribution = the way people are spaced over the earths surface (greek studied this and called their part of the world ecumene)
- ecumene is now used to describe permanently inhabited places
- 35% world land not good for settlement
- +50% pop lives on 5% land
- most people live near the ocean (2/3)
pop density
describes the number of people in a given area
calculated by diving pop of a country by area ( this doesnt take into acount wide variations inside large countries like china and canada)
physical factors that influence pop density (6)
climate, landscape, resources, soils, vegetation, water accessibility
human factors that influence pop density (5)
communications, culture, development, disease goverment policies
nutritional density
- is a mesaure of how much nutrition in calories can be produce from the land
