1
Q
Duplessis Era
A
- 1936 to 1939 and from 1944 to 1959 quebec was controlled by Duplessis
- Union nationale party
- strong quebec nationalist who was devoted to the idea of Quebec as a distinctive society/nation rather than another canadain province
- emphazied point by introducing a new quebec flag, opposed federal powers in gov.
- Roman catholic church was the main defender of Quebec culture;
- tried to keep out the influence of foreign culture but encouraged foreign investment
2
Q
How did the roman catholic church promote quebec culture
A
- priests encouraged people to turn on the materialism of english speaking north america
- praised old quebec traditions of farm faith and family
- ran quebec’s hospitals and schools
3
Q
why were businesses and industries from ontario and the US attracted to quebec?
what did they have to give up in return?
How was there corruption?
A
- gauranteed cheap labour (union activity discouraged or banned)
- promised low taxes
give up: - expected to contribute generously to the Union Nationale
Corruption - in return for gov jobs or liscences, businesses were expected to give ‘kicbacks’ or gifts to the Union Nationale
4
Q
The quiet revolution - immediatly after Duplessis
A
- 1960 after Duplessis died, Jean Lesage and the liberals came to power
- got rid of corruption, began a peaceful movement to modernize the province’s economy, politics, education and culture
- role of the roman catholic church declined as attitudes shifted
5
Q
What did Lesage do first?
A
got rid of corruption, jobs awared according to merit, wages and pensions increased and restrictions on trade unionism removed
6
Q
the birth of separatism
A
- french canada became proud of their acomplishments and angrier at what they percieved as injustices at the hands of english spreaking canadians
- for some solution = a quebec controlled entirely by Quebekers in seperation from Canada
- radicals w/ extreme views joined terrorist groups like the FLQ and fought in the name of a ‘free’ quebec
- most nationalists disaproved of these tactics but thee was general discontent in the province, Parti Québecois formed
7
Q
What does the FLQ stand for and what did they do
A
Front de libération du Quebec
- groups used firebombs and explosives to attack symobls of english canada, early 1960’s royal canadian mailboxes and downtown offices belonging to the CNR wee attacked
8
Q
Ottawa’s response
A
- Lester Pearson became PM in the middle of the quiet revolution he was convinced that the french needed to feel more at home to avoid crisis
- appointed the Royal Commission on bilingualism and biculturalism, commission recommended that Canada become bilingual
- changed our flag from very english to maple leaf to represent all canadians; actually increased tensions
9
Q
The October Crisis
A
oct 1970 members of the FLQ kidnapped James Cross a british diplomat in exchange for his release the FLQ made several demands including the release of FLQ members in prision
- most fed & quebec authorites agreed to most demands they refused to release prisoners
- in response the FLQ kidnapped labour minister Pierre Laporte
- Trudeau asked parliment to impose the War Measures Act, membership in the FLQ became a crime
- federal troops sent in to patrol streets and make arrests, Laporte found dead after being strangled, increased pressure to crack down on the FLQ
- two months later the police found the group holding Cross and in exchange for his release the kidnappers were permitted safe passage to cuba
10
Q
Trudeau and Quebec
A
- Trudeau determined that the fed gov should do more to persade Quebec people to stay with Canada
- acted on advice of the Bi and Bi commission, made Canada billingual - gov agencies required to provide services in both languages
- western canada felt that the fed gov was foccusing all attention on quebec and ignoring the west
- francophones in quebec were unimpressed; wanted ‘special status’ for quebec in confederation
11
Q
PQ in Power
A
- 1976 Parti Quebecois became prov. gov on the premise that a vote for PQ would not atomatically mean seperation from Canada and that he would hold a referndum before moving forward
- top priority of the new gov was to strengthen the status of the french language did this by passing bill 101 “Charter of the French Language” made the french the only official language of Quebec
12
Q
1980 Referendum
A
- 1980 gov called a referendum to determine Quebec’s political future, Levesque asked Quebeckers to vote ‘yes’ to giving his gov a mandate to negotiate a new agreement with Canada based on soverignty - association
- PM Trudeau made passionate speeches urging Quebec to stay united, he also promised to negotiate a new constittution; swayed many people
- 40% voted yes, 60%no
13
Q
Patriating the Constitutuion
A
- Trudeau annonced plans to revise the BNA - no changes could be made without the british parliment’s approval
- Trudeau wanted to bring the constitution home so that canada gov could make changes; he wanted to include a charter of rights and feedoms
- had to come up with an amending formula, all provinces especially quebec were pushing for more power
- debates, kitchin compromise, insert of a not with standing clause
- quebec pro. gov refused to sign the new constitution, still Trudeau went ahead
14
Q
The constitution debate
A
- by 1984 most canadians outside quebec thought the issues had been setttled
- PM Turner called election, conservative opponent Mulroney retourned to the issue of the constitution to win support of sepratists in quebec he promised to repair damages
- one elected he began negotiations w/ pro-federalist Bourassa (liberal in quebec), first priority to reach an agreement by which Quebec would sign the BNA
- now other provinces had their own demands and Reform party was formed to give a voice to the western provinces
15
Q
examples of province’s own demands during the constitution reform/debate
A
newfoundland & alberta - more control of their own resources
- stronger reforms to give their province a voice
16
Q
The Meech Lake Accord
A
1987 PM Mulroney called premeirs to a conference @ Meech Lake where he proposed a package of amendments to the constitution
- offered to recognize Quebec as a distinct society
- proposed more power to all powers, ex. all provinces would have the power of veto
- many critics/debates thought the designation of quebec as a distinct society would alienate it, quebec say this clause as a way of protecting french culture and language, aborginigals pointed out that they were also a distinct society, many wanted more citizen imput
- manitoba and newfoundland withheld their support and the meech lake accord disintergrated, support for seperation in quebec grew to 64% and the Bloc Quebecois was formed
17
Q
Charlottetown Accord
A
PM Mulroney believed that he had to continue w/ the constitution debate
- formed a special ‘Citizen’s Forum’ to hear the views of canadians in order to avoid previous mistakes, came up with another package of proposed constitutional amendments
- answered quebecs concerns in similar ways to meech lake accord, other interests were also addressed, also proposed reforming senate, and supported aborignial self gov, had so many clauses each designed to please a dif group - easy to find fault
- put to a national referendum, 54.5% rejected it, greatest opposition in BC - felt it gave Quebec too much power, quebec thought it didnt recieve enough power and also feared aboriginal self gov
18
Q
Referendum of 1995 and after
A
- angered by events in the constitution debate Quebec elected Parti Quebecois again, next year Premier Parizeau call a provincial referendum on full soverienty
- 49.4% yes , 50.6% no
- fed put in place ‘clarity bill’ that in any future referendum a substantial ‘yes’ majority must happen before quebec’s exit from confederation would be negotiateed
19
Q
Immigration
A
- end of WW1 until the 1960’s we had a restrictive immigration policy in which immigrants of british and european (especially northern) were prefered - thought to adapt eaisly to canadian life
- immigrants of other origins did arrive but gov limited #s
- 1960’s more open attitude, 1962 new regulations removed most limits on immigrants of asian, african and other origins
- immigration ploicy became ‘colour blind’, based on education and employment prospects
- changed again later to allow immigration of family members with relatives already living in Canada
20
Q
Multiculuralism
A
- Trudeau introduced an official policy of multiculturalism
- policy encouraged the different ethnic groups to express their culture, multicultural activites organized ex festivals, also ment to prevent racsism
21
Q
Multiculturlism becomes an issue
A
- fed gov recognized the growth of canada’s multicultural communites by creating the Department of multiculturalism and citizenship which continued to promote mcm
- attitudes towards mcm complex, some believed it benifited canada and it allowed all groups to feel welcome, helped strengthen national unity
- some thought it was preventing a common canadian identity from developing, thought US ‘ melting pot ‘ betta
- schools to celebrate a variety of holidays
22
Q
aborignial nations
A
- when aboriginals on reserves won right to vote theyre living conditions didnt improve, serious probs; poverty, poor health and living conditions, going to city life was often worse w/ liittle education/job skills, lots of discrimination
- National Indian Brotherhood formerd to lobby on behalf on aboriginals living on reserves, in response Trudeau proposed a policy - White Paper
- it was suggested that aboriginals be treated as all other citizens, special rights abolished, would be encouraged to leave reserves and get jobs, goal: assimilate
- aboriginals = very angry national indian brotherhood let an attack on the White Paper, demanded self gov, presented a paper called Citizens Plus or the ‘red paper’
23
Q
Educational Concerns
A
- gradually first nations began to take control of areas that concerned them most, education
- residential schools abandonded 1969, following years first nations took over the education of their children, ‘band schools’ appeared
- at band schools kids could study their own languages and learn about their own cultures and traditions
- no high schools ment that many were forced to leave home early and some attended gov run boarding home program living in cities
24
Q
Environmental concerns
A
- many canadian industires were expanding in around reserves, concerns about hydrolectric and natural gas projects would endanger their trad. activites of fishing and hunting
- victory: inuit, metis, indian brotherhood of the yukon and NW territories, trying to stop a pipeline, demanded a study, fed gov created commission - pended for 10yrs, negotiations, some aboriginal groups okay as long as they got some control and ownership
- victory: quebec - cree managed to halt construction of 2 new phases of a huge hydro project
25
path to self gov
- canadian aboriginals formed the Assembly of the First Nations to represent them when dealing with fed gov
- they pressured gov into legal recognition of aborignials rights - put into charter, bill C-31 gave aboriginal band councils power to decide who has right to live on reserves
- big discussion on how self gov would work, what they would have control on
26
2 types of aboriginal land claims
specific claims
| comprehensive claims
27
specific land claims
claims that have arisen in areas where treaties between aboriginals and fed gov have been signed but terms not kept
28
comprehensive land claims
claims that have questioned the owenership of land in large areas of canada that were never surrendered by treaty
29
Oka Confrontation
- end of 198o's many specific claims were making their way through the courts, members of reserves demanded additional land or compensation for what they had lost
- quebec town Oka - town council to expand golf course into sacred reserve, ownership disputed and aboriginals decided to block construction
- Quebec provincial police went to remove the blockade and gunfire broke out, violent confrontations
- stand off continued police brought in troops with heavy weapons , members of other bands persauded them to end it, eventually fed gov bought land - gave it to tribe
30
Land Claims in BC
- most land claims comprehensive as aboriginals never gave up their claims , treaty's not signed in most areas
- hard to prove they own land or have continuous occupation
- royal proclamation states in 1763 that any lands not bought/signed treaties belong to first nations but some deny that the proclamation can be valid in parts of canada ex northern bc where they didnt know existed
- nisga'a won partial victory when some supreme court justice's acknowledged the concept of aboriginal title, offered settlement which included, 8% of land, partial profits from businiess, right to develop own municipal gov, 190 mill over 15 yrs
- nisga'a stirred up controversy, some businiess feared future court cases and began to remove investment and jobs lost in BC
Socials 11
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
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