1
Q
Who was Igor Gouzenko and what happend w/ him?
A
- soviet embassy clerk in Ottawa
- in Sept. 1945 he left work w/ several documents hidden.
- documents proved that a Soviet spy ring was operating within the canadian gov
2
Q
What did Igor do with these documents?
A
- took them to the Ottawa Journal - no attention was paid
- went to RCMP
- only when agents broke into his apartment did canadian officials listen to him
3
Q
What happened in Sept 1945 with the suspected soviet spies?
A
- trial
- guilty were imprisoned
4
Q
Instead of fighting a direct war what did the Soviet Union and the USA do?
A
compete for political influence in other parts of the world especially developing nations that were poorer and less politically stable
5
Q
Why was in called the Cold War?
- Approx how long did it last?
A
because it did not errupt into an open war
- lasted over 40yrs
6
Q
What were the roots of the Cold War?
A
the differing views that the 2 countries had on political and economic systems
- Soviet Union - communist
US - capitalist
7
Q
Define: Communist
Capitalist
A
Communist: gov controlled all industry and commerce, no political oppisition tolerated
Capitalist: economies based on private enterprise - citizens had basic freedoms
8
Q
How did the Soviets create a buffer between the UUS and western europe?
A
they took over the countries of eastern europe and made them all communist
- then communists took over china (former gov fled to Taiwan)
9
Q
What was the Committee on Un-American Activites
A
A US response to root out communists from all areas of public life
- anyone suspected of being a communist could be persecuted, fired and blacklisted
10
Q
Cold War in Canada (7)
A
- shocked to learn about communist ring that had operated in canada during war
- 1949 - conservatives tried to make communism an issue - accused gov of harbouring communists
- some Canadians feared spread of communism
- union leaders who fought for better conditions came under suspicsion, workers w/ communist sympathies got fired
- RCMP Special Branch - watched people who might be a security risk
- office and home raids for “revoluntiary material”
- Padlock Law
11
Q
Padlock Law
A
- used to shut down suspected organizations and newspapers
12
Q
NATO
A
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- an alliance founded by the US with other countries including Canada, Great Britain & other western european nations
- military alliance
- aimed a protecting western countries from the threat of invasion by the Soviet Union
- attack on any one NATO member was to be treated as an attack on all
- members agreed if conventional weapons were not enough they would use nuclear weapons as a last resort
13
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
- created by the Soviet Union as it felt threatend by NATO countries
- alliance made up of eastern european countries
- was to protect these countries and the SU from attack
14
Q
When was the Berlin wall built? And what happened just before that?
A
1961 East germany built the berlin wall
Just before: SU troops brutally crushed a revolution in Hungary
15
Q
Canada’s Committment to NATO
A
- PM King defended Canada’s desision to join a military alliance in a time of peace
- agreed to keep a full army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe, built & supplied military bases overseas
- Canadian ships and aircraft tracked the movements of Soviet submarines
- Canadian forces participated regularly in military exercies w/ canada’s allies
- most IMPORTANTLY had to adapt its defence policy to those of its allies
16
Q
North American Defense
A
- at first it seemed like if war broke out europe would be the battle ground when long range bombers were developed North America became vunerable
- to protect against SU attack from the air US built 3 lines of radar stations across Canada
- first time US military was stationed on Canadian soil
- some canadians felt ^ compromised our indepedence, others liked the added security
- Soon superpowers had developed intercontinental missiles that could reach North American cities within 30 min
- to meet possible SU attack threat on North America, Canada and the US established NORAD
17
Q
What were the 3 lines of radar stations across canada
A
- Pinetree Line
- Mid-Canada Line
DEW (Distant Early Warning) in the Arctic
18
Q
NORAD
A
- North american air defence agreement
- included fighter forces, missiles bases, air defense radar
- controlled in colorado
- had force of 1000 bombers at its disposal at one time
19
Q
Civil Defense: the home front in the cold war
A
- we feared that a open war between USSR and Us would result in a rain of nuclear bombs and missiles on our citites
- fed gov developed civil defense plans
- some cities had nuclear shelters in deep basements or subway lines,
- if attack- sirens, people find sheter, duck & cover
- fear
20
Q
UNITED NATIONS
A
- @ the end of WWII world leaders began making plans for an international agency that would prevent another global conflict
- based on the idea of collective security as the League of Nations before it had been (this time nations of the world were in support)
- General assembly provides a forum for member nations of vote on issues (3 possible options) that have had limited succcess
- founders also pledged to abolish disease and famine and to protect human rights - to achieve these goals agencies like World Health Organization & Unicef created & International monetary fund
- canada has been a strong supporter of the UN since its creation - through a variety of UN agencies Canada has aided refugees from war or natural disasters and worked on development projects
21
Q
what are the 3 possible powers a member nation can use when discussing an issue against an aggressor nation
A
- condemm the aggressor through speeches and resolutions
- use economic sanctions, urging members not to trade with the aggressor
- respond militarily by sending in an armed force
22
Q
What is the Security Council
A
- the body of the UN that is responsible for maintaing peace and security
- council has 5 permmenent members - the “Big Five” Powers also 10 other non permanent members each w/ 2 yr term
- descisions need the consent of 9 members but 5 permanent mebers have the power of veto
- when permanemt members agree on something UN has potential for great power
23
Q
Who were the “Big Five” powers
A
britain, france, US, Russia(formally SU) & China
24
Q
What is the power of veto
A
the right to reject the actitions with which they disagree
- use has often prevented the UN from taking descivie action
25
international monetary fund
- created by the UN to stabilize the world economy by helping out countries that face great debt and the collapse of their currencies
26
The Korean Conflict (5)
- threat of nuclear annihaliation kept the major powers from open war but both sides had allies in the developing world
- North Korea was communist (USSR supported), South Korea was a fragile demorcacy backed by the US
- 1950 war broke out as North Korea tried to invade the south
- UN Force composed mostly of US tried to force the invaders to retreat,
- Canada sent 1000's troops & naval destroyers, Pearson (Canada's Minister of external affairs) urged for a ceasefire
- ceasefire occoured in 1953 war had increased tensions between the west & communist
27
The Suez Crisis (6)
- In 1956 a crisis over the Suez canal in egypt gave canada a chance to take a leading role at the UN
- egypt took ove the Suez canal which links the mediterranean and red seas and is the shortest sea route (europe to indian ocean)
- isreal was frightened, egypt threatened to bar ships to and from isreal
- britain & france supported an isreali invasion, ignoring a UN resolution they landed troops in the canal zone, this made the US mad because they werent consulted
- canadian public was divided - conservatives thought it was their duty to support britain, liberals didnt want to
- Lester Pearson went to the UN and propsed a emergency force be sent to seperate and mediate (UN Agreed), he was later given the nobel peace prize
28
Canadian/ American Relations during the early 1960's
- tensions developed between them
| - PM Diefenbaker & Presdent Kennedy relation was strained
29
Cuban Missile Crisis (8)
- 1959 cuban rebels under leadership of Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba's pro-US leader
- US imposed trade and economic sanctions, backed an invasion of the island by a group of anti-Castro Cubans (failure)
- Cuba turned to the USSR for support
- 1962 US Planes took photos showing that the USSR was installing offensive nuclear missile bases in Cuba which were a direct threat to US security
- US forces and NORAD readied for war, aircraft w/ bombs were constantly in the air
- SU president at first refused to rmove the missiles, armed forces of the USSR was on full alert at the last moment they agreed to dismantle the missile bases in exchange for a promise that the US wouldnt invade Cuba
- During crisis US expected Canada to provide unconditional support of its policys
- Diefenbaker preffered to send a fact finding mission to Cuba to check the US photos, was reluctant to have Canada drawn into major US conflict, at first didnt cooperate, later di, US relations had been hurt (a lot)
30
The Nuclear Issue in Canada
- Cuban Missile Crisis caused a debate about Canada's defense policy and the country's stand on nuclear weapons
- Should Canada allow nuclear weapons on its territory? Canada had agreed to accept US missiles which were capable of carrying nuclear warheads
- many people were starting to realize that nuclear war amounted to global suicide
- Conservatives were divided on the issue, minister of external affairs felt Canada should be a non-nuclear nation, defence minister inisted that they were vital protection, the anti-nuclear movement was growing w/ citizens
- Liberal Lester Pearson thought we sould accpet nuclear weapons under certain conditions, PM Diefenbaker appealed to nationalism and thought canada should decide for themselves
31
Vietnam War (7)
- divided; north was communist controlled, south was more dictatorship than democracy
- US thought if the South was to become communist it would start a domino affect of other asian states
- US originally only offered military advice and economic help to the south, later sent lots of troops, president johnson authorized bombings, sent more troops
- USSR and communist China supplied weapons and help to the north
- it was the first war recored by TV & as americans watched they began to question their involvement, anti-war protests occoured
- in 1969 a new US pres Nixon removed troops out of Vietnam, under 2 yrs later the North crushed the south
- vietnam was unified under communist rule, anti-communist fled the country, many came to Canada
32
Canada's reaction to the Vietnam War
- canadians were divided
- some benifited from the war (selling goods such as berets, boots, airplane engines, explosives), some saw communism as a threat
- PM Pearson shared doubts, he critizied Operation Rolling Thunder
33
what was Operation rolling thunder?
a US bombing campaign of North Vietnam
34
Trudeau's foreign policy (7) - Bridging the Middle Gap
- 1968 Pierre Trudeau, a liberal elected PM
- he reflected many changing attitudes in Canada at that time
- one goal was to chart a course in foreign policy that was less dependant on US approval
- intention signalized when Canada official recognized the communist gov of the People's Republic of China because mainland china was a great power and purchuser of canadian wheat and goods
- also did not wish to anger the US, didnt think that Canada could act on foreign affairs without conisdering the US
- wanted to scale back Canada's participation in the nuclear arms race in hopes of easing Cold War tensions - 1972 nuclear missiles were removed from Canada
- he also cut the national defense budget and reduced Canada's NATO contingent in europe, still participated in NATO and NORAD
35
Canada as a middle power
- throughout Trudeau's period in office the world remained divided between the east and west
- new african and asian nations that had emerged from colonies after the war tried to remain detached from cold war rivalries
- these nations were far less industrialized and so a huge economic gap seperated the rich north from the poor south
- Trudeau gov aimed to bridge both gaps in order to promote world peace and understanding
- CIDA was formed
36
What did Trudeau do to bridge the 2 gaps during the cold war?
- reduce nuclear weapons
- establish trade and sporting links with communist states
- called for more aid for the poor
- thought prosporus North nations should be helping the poverty-striken nations of the south develop their economies and improve living conditions
37
What policy became the cornerstone of Trudeau's foreign policy in bridging the North-South Gap?
Trade and Aid
38
CIDA
- Canadian International Development Agency formed in 1968
- responsibility was to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries
- countries receiving aid would have to agree to buy products manufactured in canada so that we also benifited (known as tied aid)
39
The Commonwealth and la francaphonie
- Canada was in a good position to help build bridges between north and south because of its membership in these two organizations
- Commonwealth was made up of several countries that had once belonged to the British Empire
- La francaphonie was an organization of french speaking states, many former colonies of France
- both organizations had members who were less industrialized and it offered a forum to discuss solutions
- 1950 Commonwealth countries came up with the Columbo Plan
40
Culumbo Plan
- a plan to provide money and aid for less developed countries in the Commonwealth
- Canada contributed by inviting overseas students to study in Canada, by sending canadian experts overseas to provide technical assistance
- most canadian aid went to India and Pakistan
41
The Cold War Renewed
- while Trudeau was trying to bridge the N/S gap tensions between US and SU eased and they agreed to reduce the # of their nuclear weapons
- US & SU signed SALT 1 in 1972 - breakthrough in relationship
- SU invaded Afhanistan and USSR sent new missiles to eastern europe in response NATO annonced that it was deploying better missiles in europe too
- as a protest of the Soviet occupation of Aghanastan many western nations boycotted the olympics in moscow
- US annonced large increase in defence spending modernizing nuclear arsenal
- US invaded a caribbean nation of Grenada and deposed a pro-SU gov in response to the SU shooting down a korean passenger plane
- US carried on a secret war against the left wing Sandinista regime in Nicaragua
- PM Trudeau appealed to the US and SU to show restraint, made tour to appeal and enlist other political leaders, then decided to retire
42
SALT 1
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty signed in 1972
43
The Mulroney Era: Closer Ties w/ the US
| 5
- Conservative leader Mulroney became PM in 1984
- approach to international relations was the opposite to Trudeau's, he tried to make closer links with the US by developing a close relationship w/ US president Reagan
- 1985 the US unvieled a plan to createa defence shiel that would orbit the earth - SDI nicknamed StarWars
- Canada had the option to become involved but Mulroney finally declined but the door was left open for private canadian companies to bid on contracts as well
- measures had been put in place to limit US investment including the FIRA which Mulroney dismantled it and replaced it with Investment Canada which led Canada into the FTA with the US and later brought in the NAFTA
44
FRA
Foreign Investment Review Agency
| - put in by Trudeau to block any foreign investment that seemed not in Canada's interest
45
Investment Canada
a body that would encourage suitable foreign investment
46
Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
what?
arguments?
- an agreement that removed tariffs on goods crossing the border and opened Canada to the US investment as well as opening the US to Canadian investment
- very controversial,
- those who supported free trade argued that it would help the industry grow and benifit the whole economy, provide acess to larger US market, could increase productivity and growth, also attract US firms to take advantage of natural resources, workers etc
- those who were against argued that it branch plants in canada would return to the US thus loosing 1000's of jobs, thought it would increase unemployment and de-industrailize canada, threatned our independence
47
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Argeement
- brought in by Mulroney to expand the free trade zone
- it also included free trade with mexico - controversial
- fears (low wages, less strict anti-pollution laws)
- support (canada had better educated and skilled workers, better transportaion, communication, social services, social stability)
48
The End of the Cold War
- ended very quickly SU leader Gorbachev realized that the SU could no longer afford its costly arms race w/ the US, and proposed massive cuts in the arsenal of both superpower
- then began a series of reforms - economic, social and political that would help the communist countries run fore effieciently and create better conditions for the citizens, also loosend censorship and allowed greater freedom of speach
- these policys called reconstruction and openness encouraged the people of east germany, czech, poland, hungary and romania to demand similar reforms
- Nov 1989 the berlin wall was demolished,
- SU fell apart - member states became independant countries
- communist China allowed captialism to flourish, citizens demanded political freedom - Red Army Soldiers killed 1000's involved in the demorcacy movement
49
The New World Order
- numerous regional conflicts and ethnic rivalries ex. Pearson Gulf, former Yugoslavia, Africa
- 1990 Iraqi troops invaded oil rich country of Kuwait - UN immediatly demanded they withdraw, threatened economic sanctions, US demanded that military be used as a last resort
- the deadline for Iraqi to withdrew went and the US & Coalition forces began bombing targets from air and sea
- Gulf War destroyed the Iraqi fighting force and much of the country's infustructure
- US pres Bush proclaimed a "new world order" UN taking a more active role as a global police force using military force when necessary
50
Canada's contribution - new world order
- squadron of bombers
| - navy
51
Somalia
- 1992 UN launched operation Restore hope in Somalia a place that had been raged by civil war
- Canadian forces joined those from other countries in disributing food and other essential supplies
- mission resulted in a crisis in Canada's armed forces: one night members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment arrested a somalian teen, during the night he was tortured to death, so it was disbanded, reputation ruined
52
Rwanda
- canadians also active in the central african country of Rwanda the small nation was torn apart by ethnic rivalries
- france and beligum former colonial forces in the area sent troops to control the slaughter
- UN peacekeeps also sent, when the extent of the killings was realized a military plan was outlined, UN sent forces to disarm the warring factions
- speed and support of the US was need to execute plan, US was unsuportive and feared a defeat similar to somalia
- world was horrified to learn of a massive wave of killing, with the failure of the UN to keep peace in the Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia and africa many wondered what the future of the UN was
53
A new Era of Globalization
- when liberals came to power in 1993 their goal was to expand Canada's trading opportunites with other countries, organized "Team Canada" trade missions to Asia and Latin america to secure deals for canadian investment and exports
- signed free trade agreements with Isreal and chile
- Joined the APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group) to promote free trade among pacific countries
- trade initiatives were part of a trend called globalization which was partly the result of rapid changes in communication technology and the fall of communism
54
Globalization as an Issue
- many people believe that globalization is a powerful trend that can't be stopped and that it will help raise living standards for everyone
- large corporations will invest in less industrialized countries creating jobs and raising the standard of living
- ex. Is the booming economies of the philipines & malaysia who were once in economic crisis
- many multinational corporations have relocated to parts of the world where labours costs are low and environmental regulations are few
Socials 11
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