Chapter 13 learning and memory

Question 1

which neurodegenerative disorder attacks the brain’s myelin **

Answer 1

multiple sclerosis

Question 2

function of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) **

Answer 2

• reward leads to dopamine release
• CS that predicts reward leads to dopamine release (if CS is presented, but the reward isn’t, dopamine released is inhibited )
• produces a “reward prediction error” signal when released onto NAcc neurons

Question 3

role of the NAcc in expected reward, unexpected reward, and learning **

Answer 3

• expected reward: constant levels of dopamine release

- unexpected reward: high levels of dopamine released

Question 4

what does it mean that memories are encoded via LTP

Answer 4

strengthens the memory and synapse

Question 5

how LTP works, including the role of AMPA and NMDA receptors

Answer 5

1. presynaptic membrane DEPOLARIZE +ACTIVE causes release of glutamate
2. glutamate binds to both NMDA and AMPA receptors
3. AMPA opens Na+ channels, and move to the spine thus strengthening the synapse
4. NMDA binds to glutamate, membrane is depolarize enough to eject Mg2+ (with help of AMPA)
5. Ca+ enters the cell and activates the intracellular mechanisms that strengthen the synapse

Question 6

that patient HM can learn some things, such as mirror drawings **

Answer 6

• ability to acquire new memories is distinct from other perceptual and cognitive capabilities
• long term memory storage requires a part of the brain that converts short-term memory into long-term memory
• different types of memory exist and may depend on distinct neural systems

Question 7

that memories are stored throughout the brain **

Answer 7

• memories require: neurochemical changes, structural changes (synapses, dendritic branching, physiological changes
• stored in part in the hippocampus, entorhinal, parietal, and visual cortex

Question 8

different processes in early vs. late-phase LTP (both depend on Ca+) **

Answer 8

• Early long term potentiation (E-LTP): first phase of long term potentiation, a well-studied form of synaptic plasticity, consists of an increase in synaptic strength
• E-LTP: neuronal changes can be temporary and wear off after some hours
• late LTP: neuronal changes are much more stable and long lasting

Question 9

where place cells are found in the brain **

Answer 9

hippocampus