Chemistry > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a solute?

A

one of the least abundant substances in a solution, the substance that is dissolved

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2
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the most abundant substances in a solution, the substance that does the dissolving

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3
Q

What is a solution?

A

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

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4
Q

Solutes __________ be filtered out of solution.

A

cannot

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5
Q

Solutes do not ________ out of a solution.

A

settle

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6
Q

Solutions are…

A

uniform

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7
Q

Solutions are not _____________ combined.

A

chemically

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8
Q

A solution can vary in its…

A

concentration

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9
Q

Gases can only be dissolved in…

A

gases

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10
Q

What does miscible mean?

A

when two liquids form a homogenous solution, DO NOT SEPARATE

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11
Q

What does immiscible mean?

A

two liquids that are not soluble to each other, DO SEPARATE OUT

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12
Q

Miscible and immiscible are specifically for…

A

liquids

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13
Q

Solid dissolved in a solid is an…

A

alloy

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14
Q

What is the dissolving process?

A
  1. solute separates
  2. solvent attaches
  3. diffusion moves particles
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15
Q

What is a amalgam?

A

mercury dissolved in gold, liquid-to-solid

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16
Q

What is solvation?

A

the process in which solvent particles surround and interact with solutes: the dissolving process and solid to liquid solutions

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17
Q

What is hydration?

A

solvation in water

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18
Q

What is dissociation?

A

solvation of ionic substances

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19
Q

What is ionization?

A

forming of ions from covalent compounds

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20
Q

What is endothermic?

A

requires energry

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21
Q

What is exothermic?

A

releases energy

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22
Q

What is net change in energy called?

A

enthalpy of solution

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23
Q

When a solute is able to dissolve in a solvent, it is called…

A

soluble

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24
Q

What is solubility?

A

the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in an amount of solvent at specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure

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25
If solvation cannot occur, the solute is said to be...
insoluble
26
What is a equilibrium?
a balance of 2 things
27
What is a static equilibrium?
a balance of 2 forces
28
What is a dynamic equilibrium?
a balance of 2 processes
29
What is solution equilibria?
a balance that exists between dissolving and precipitating
30
If a solution is saturated...
the maximum amount of solute is dissolved
31
What does unsaturated mean?
LESS than the maximum amount of solute dissolved
32
What does supersaturated mean?
MORE than the maximum amount of solute dissolved
33
What are the 2 factors of the rate of solution?
1. inherent solubility 2. number of effective solute-solvent conversions
34
What 3 things change the number of collisions?
1. change in temperature 2. stir 3. change in surface area
35
For solubility and temperature, dissolving liquids or solids...
increase temperature=increase solubility
36
For solubility and temperature, dissolving gases...
increase temperature=decrease solubility
37
For solubility and pressure, dissolving liquids or solids...
pressure has no noticeable affect
38
For dissolving and pressure, dissolving gases...
increase pressure=increase solubility
39
What is Henry's Law?
solubility of a gas increases when the partial pressure above the gas increases
40
What is effervescence?
the rapid escape of gas from a liquid-gas solution
41
What is concentration?
measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent
42
Percent by mass
g solute/g solution x100
43
Percent by volume
volume of solute/volume of solution x100
44
What is molarity?
number of moles of solute per LITER of solution
45
Molarity formula
mol solute/L solution
46
What is molality?
number of moles of solute per KG of solvent
47
Molality formula
mol solute/Kg solvent
48
Vapor Pressure - Pure Solvent
higher
49
Vapor Pressure - Solution
lower
50
Boiling Point Elevation - Pure Solvent
lower
51
Boiling Point Elevation - Solution
higher
52
FP Depression - Pure Solvent
higher
53
FP Depression - Solution
lower
54
What is a colligative property?
properties that do not depend on the types of solution present but the number of particles in solution
55
An increase in solute lowers the...
vapor pressure
56
An increase in solute raises the...
boiling and freezing point
57
Boiling-Point Elevation formula
OTb=Kbm
58
Boiling-Point Elevation Kb
0.512 for water
59
What is particle molality?
taking the molality of a substance and multiplying it by the number of "pieces" into which it breaks when dissolved
60
When do you use particle molality?
-only for colligative *boiling point *freezing point
61
Freezing-Point formula
OTf=Kfm
62
Freezing-Point Kf
-1.86 for water
63
What is a colloid?
mixtures that contain small particles dispersed in a medium
64
What is a dispersed phase?
particles in a colloid mixture
65
What is a dispersing medium?
medium in a colloid mixture
66
Solution<___________
colloids
67
Colloids settle out...
slowly
68
Suspension settles out...
quickly
69
What is the Tyndall effect?
scattering of light by particles in a colloidal dispersion
70
What is the Brownian motion?
random, chaotic movement of particles
71
Solution is...
homogenous
72
Colloids is...
heterogenous
73
Suspension is...
heterogenous
74
A solution is around...
x<1nm
75
A colloid is around...
1nm
76
A suspension is around...
x>1000nm
77
Breaking solute-solute bonds is...
Endothermic
78
Formation of solute-solute bonds is...
Exothermic
Chemistry
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