History > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

What actions did Allied forces take to stabilize Germany and Japan after the war?

A
  • leaders met in Potsdam, Germany in 1945
  • divided Germany into 4 occupation zones (Britain, France, and America each took control of an area in the industrialized western part; Soviet Union took control of the rural eastern part)
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2
Q

Potsdam Conference

A

the first time President Truman had met with Stalin and Churchill since Roosevelt’s death
- pledged to crush the Nazi Party, re-establish local governments, rebuild German industry, and return German refugees to their homes

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3
Q

Clement Attlee

A

replaced Churchill as Great Britain’s new prime minister

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4
Q

What were the terms of Japan’s new constitution adopted by MacArthur?

A
  • abolished the army and navy
  • prohibited Japan from ever again becoming a military power
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5
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A

German war crimes trials; 12 people were executed

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6
Q

Adolf Eichmann

A

an architect of the Jewish extermination program

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7
Q

Charter of the United Nations

A

provided for a General Assembly and a Security Council

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8
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt

A

served as one of the first U.S. delegates to the United Nations

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9
Q

Zionism

A

the movement seeking a Jewish homeland in Palestine

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10
Q

How do you think WWII influenced the creation and structure of the United Nations?

A

the UN mission was world peace

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11
Q

United Nations (UN)

A

a postwar international organization

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12
Q

How did the U.S. government try to control the development of atomic weapons?

A
  • Baruch Plan
  • Atomic Energy Act
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13
Q

Cold War

A

the competition for global power and influence between the U.S. and Soviet Union

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14
Q

satellite nations

A

countries under Soviet Union control

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15
Q

containment

A

restricting the expansion of Soviet communism

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16
Q

What were the origins of the Cold War?

A
  • economic and political differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
  • Allies strengthening their power in Western Europe
  • Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe
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17
Q

Baruch Plan

A

proposal that would impose penalties on countries that didn’t follow international rules

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18
Q

Atomic Energy Act

A

created the civilian-controlled Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to oversee nuclear weapons research and promote peacetime uses of atomic energy

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19
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

operation in which British and U.S. planes carried more than 2 million tons of food and supplies to West Berlin

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20
Q

NATO

A
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • 9 western European nations joined the U.S., Canada, and Iceland in a military alliance
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21
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and other Eastern European communist countries

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22
Q

What measures would you propose to help curb the development of atomic weapons?

A

penalties for breaking security measures

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23
Q

What do you think might have happened if the U.S. had not implemented the Marshall Plan?

A

spread of communism in all of Europe

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24
Q

Why did the Soviet Union view the formation of a West German state and NATO as a threat?

A

posed an obstacle for Soviet expansion

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25
Marshall Plan (1948)
George C. Marshall (secretary of state) asked Congress for $17 billion in economic aid for Europe
26
Who became the supreme commander of NATO forces in 1951?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
27
How did the Western Allies respond to the Soviet blockade of Benin?
Berlin Airlift
28
Chiang Kai-Shek
led the Nationalist party
29
Mao Zedong
led the Communist party
30
Douglas MacArthur
the U.S. army's Far East commander - helped run Japan and set up a democratic system of government
31
Why did the conflict in Korea escalate?
- North Korea invaded South Korea - U.S. sent troops to help South Korea - China got involved and backed North Korea
32
How did the Korean War affect domestic U.S. politics?
- Truman became unpopular - MacArthur was removed as commander of U.S. forces - Eisenhower became president
33
brinkmanship
policy that called for threatening all-out war in order to confront Communist aggression
34
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
federal agency created during Eisenhower's administration to gather strategic information and pursue his Cold War goals - overthrew the Iranian government
35
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader who publicly accused Stalin of having committed many ruthless crimes
36
U-2 incident
U.S. pilot Francis Gary Powers was captured while spying on the Soviet Union
37
How did a civil war between Nationalists and Communists in China lead to the creation of the People's Republic of China?
Nationalists retreated to Taiwan
38
In what ways were President Eisenhower's covert operations and diplomatic strategies effective? What new problems did they present?
- established U.S. government in Iran and Guatemala - helped end the Korean War and Suez crisis - stirred anti-American feelings in Latin America and Iran
39
What city (South Korean capital) did MacArthur's forces recapture?
Seoul
40
Suez crisis
- Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal - refused to allow Israeli ships to cross the canal - Soviet Union came to Egypt's aid
41
U-2
a high-altitude spy plane
42
What actions did the U.S. government take to limit communism at home?
- Internal Security Act - National Security Council
43
How did Senator Joseph McCarthy play upon Americans' fears of communism?
suggested that there were Communists in the State Department, U.S. Army, and the federal government with no evidence to support it
44
How did Americans react to the prospect of nuclear war?
rise in construction of bomb shelters
45
National Security Council (NSC)
created to advise the president on strategic matters
46
Hollywood Ten
a group of California film directors and writers who went to jail instead of answering questions from the HUAC
47
Alger Hiss
a New Deal lawyer who was accused of being a Communist spy - gave Whittaker Chambers secret State Department documents to pass on to the Soviets
48
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
convicted of providing the Soviet Union with atomic energy secrets during WWII - executed in 1953
49
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin senator who claimed to have a list of Communists who worked at the State Department
50
Internal Security Act
required Communist Party members and organizations to register with the federal government
51
NASA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration - created to promote space technology
52
National Defense Education Act
appropriated millions of dollars to improve education in science, math, and foreign languages
53
Sputnik
the first artificial satellite - launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957
54
Why was 1957 a significant year in U.S. history?
- launch of Sputnik - creation of NASA - National Defense Education Act
55
What effect did HUAC's investigations have on American society?
panic concerning Communism in America
56
How were Americans' fears of Communists and the threat of nuclear war justified?
development of H-bomb to become the supreme power
57
Billy Graham
evangelist who warned of the danger of nuclear war and urged Americans to turn to God
58
Explorer I
the U.S.'s first satellite - launched in January 1958
59
What other countries became involved in the conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union?
- NATO - North and South Korea - East and West Germany - Iran - Egypt
60
How did the U.S. government's response to Cold War tensions lead to limitations on civil liberties?
search for communists violated civil rights
61
How did the development of atomic technology affect daily life in the U.S.?
- fear of a nuclear attack - emphasis on science and math education
62
How did the U.S. respond to Soviet expansion after WWII?
- Berlin Airlift - NATO - Korean War - CIA in Iran and Egypt
63
How did the fall of China to communism in 1949 affect the Korean War in 1950?
fear of communism spreading throughout all of Asia
64
How did the Korean War affect the domestic and international affairs of the U.S.?
- led to the first Republican president in 20 years - hurt CIA operations abroad
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