Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the scientific method?

Answer 1

System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are lowered/reduced

Question 2

What are descriptive methods?

Answer 2

Methods you describe, such as naturalistic observation, case study’s surveys, or laboratory observation

Question 3

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 3

Where you observe people or animals in their natural environments

Question 4

What is the main advantage of Naturalistic observation?

Answer 4

Realistic picture behaviour which is where a researcher can go to the subjects location and study them in their natural habitat.

Ex: Schools, classrooms,daycares,homes (with permission)

Question 5

What are main disadvantages of Naturalistic observation?

Answer 5

The main disadvantages are…

Observer effect: Objects behave differently when they know they are being watched

Observer bias: people doing the watching could be biased.

Question 6

What are advantages of laboratory observation?

Answer 6

1. You have control over your environment
2. It allows the use of specialized equipment
   (Ex brining people to watch them)

Question 7

What are disadvantages of Laboratory observation?

Answer 7

There might be an artificial situation that may result in artificial behaviour.

Question 8

What is a case study?

Answer 8

It is the study of one individual in great detail.

Ex: Anerexia, doctors study the patients, build a case with different methods, they trie things and test them to see what methods work and dont work to use other patients later. Different doctors add to it and than a researcher uses the case study’s to start a theory and study it.

Question 9

What are the advantages of a case study?

Answer 9

It contains a lot of detail

Question 10

What are the disadvantages of a case study?

Answer 10

You cannot always applie it to others. It doesn’t always apply to everyone else.

Question 11

Explain Phineas Gage

Answer 11

He had a metal bar go through his head in the front lobe. His personality changed, he was quick to anger and became agressive. However he still survived.

Question 12

When everyone in the population is surveyed, what is it called?

Answer 12

A census

Question 13

What are surveys?

Answer 13

Often questionnaires (electronic/paper) or interviews (people asking questions call,, zoom, or in person)

Question 14

What are advantages of a survey?

Answer 14

There’s data from large numbers of people, it’s fast, easy and cheap.

Question 15

What are disadvantages of a survey?

Answer 15

1. You have to ensure you have a representative sample
2. People are not always accurate or honest

Question 16

What is a sample population for something like a survey?

Answer 16

It’s a mini version of a population of interest.

Ex: What STUDENTS feel about the cafeteria food at MARIANOPOLIS. (Not staff, teachers, cleaners, just students, not any students only MARIANOPOLIS students)

Question 17

What is the challenge with sample representation?

Answer 17

What the 2000 STUDENTS feel about the cafeteria food at MARIANOPOLIS. (Not staff, teachers, cleaners, just students, not any students only MARIANOPOLIS students)
Now you want a smaller number of students, only 200. How do you choose those 200, by race, height, age, gender, academic profile….The sample must represent population otherwise you will not generate a proper population representation.

Question 18

What is a correlation?

Answer 18

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Question 19

What is a variable?

Answer 19

Anything that can be changed/measured. If you cannot measure it, it cannot be a variable.

Question 20

What is a correlation coefficient?

Answer 20

It is “r” and it represents 2 things: Direction of the relationship and strength of the relationship

Question 21

If something has no correlation it is

Answer 21

0.0

Question 22

r= 0.82 (strong or weak)

Answer 22

Strong

Question 24

r=0.21 strong or weak?

Answer 24

weak

Question 25

r= -0.73 (strong or weak)

Answer 25

Strong

Question 26

Closer to 1 = strong ( true or false)

Answer 26

True

Question 27

If a number is over 1 EX: r=1.86 does it exist?

Answer 27

No the correlation is non existant and cannot exist

Question 28

r= -0.02 strong or weak?

Answer 28

Weak

Question 29

What does correlation coefficient range from?

Answer 29

-1.00 to 1.00 (aka perfect correlation)

Question 30

What is a positive correlation?

Answer 30

Variable that are related in the same direction. EX: As ice-cream sales (X) goes up so does the temperature outside (Y) Both variables go up or go down together!

Question 31

Explain Negative correlation

Answer 31

It is when both variables go in opposite directions. EX: Hot chocolate sales (X) go up as the weather outside (Y) goes down (colder) Both go in OPPOSITE directions

Question 32

What is third variable?

Answer 32

It can be known as Z and is often the proof to why 2 variables connect. Ex: Ice cream sales (X) goes up just as polio cases (Y) goes up as well. The two variables do not influence each other, however, The weather (hot) (Z) does connect the two.

Question 33

True or false: correlation proves causation!

Answer 33

False! Correlation doesn’t not prove causation.

Question 34

What is an experiment?

Answer 34

It is a form of cause and effect Where you manipulate a variable under controlled conditions to establish cause and effect.

Question 35

What is an Independent variable?

Answer 35

It is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. (IV)

Question 36

What is a dependent variable? (DV)

Answer 36

It is the variable that is measured afterwards. AKA you’re outcome variable

Question 37

What is an experimental group?

Answer 37

At least 1 participant that is subjected to the independent variable (1 or more people) (They get the independent variable)

Question 38

Explain a controlled group?

Answer 38

At least 1 or more patients that are not subjected to the independent variable, they might receive a placebo. They are used as a point of comparison, They are subjected to the manipulation. AKA a condition group

Question 39

What are 3 issues with experiments?

Answer 39

1. Random assignment 2. Experiment or bias 3. Placebo effect

Question 40

Describe the issue with experiments: Random assignments

Answer 40

The research may not be accurate, some people (characters) are different and you cannot control personality

Question 41

Explain the issue with experiments: Experimenter bias:

Answer 41

To avoid bias. Have the experimenter “blind” to what the experiments about, tell them to conduct a study but not what they are doing it for.

Question 42

Explain issues with experiments placebo effect:

Answer 42

The placebo effect can than be seen as better then the drug. Placebos report to be more effective than the real drug for some situations, IBS, Violent TV watchers, Anxiety, Depression, Viagra…

Question 43

What is the ethics committee?

Answer 43

REB/IRB are made up of experts who’s goal is to protect participants

Question 45

What are the 7 ethical guidelines?

Answer 45

1. Participants rights and well being must be weighted against the study’s value to science, there has to be a risk benefit. 2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation, Informed concent. 3. Deception (lying) must be justified 4. Participants may withdrawal at any time from the study without penalty 5. Participants must be told explicit risks/ protected from them 6. Investigators must debrief participants and tell them the true nature of the study (especially after lying) and ask if they still want to be apart of the study 7. Data must remain confidential.