Learning

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

any relatively
permanent change in behaviour
brought about by experience or
practice

Question 2

What are the 3 things that make up learning

Answer 2

• Classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
  -observational learning

Question 3

What is classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning to make a reflex response
to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that
normally produces the reflex

Example: Ivan Pavlov with the dogs salivation

Question 4

What was used in Ivan Pavlov’s work to learn about the digestion of dogs

Answer 4

The metronome

Question 5

What are the 5 classical conditioning concepts

Answer 5

• Neutral stimulus (NS)
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• Unconditioned response (UCR)
  -Conditioned stimulus (CS)
  -Conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

What is the neutral stimulus?

Answer 6

Evokes no response

Question 7

What is the Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Naturally envoies a response (something you did not have to learn)

Question 8

What is an unconditioned response? UCR

Answer 8

Naturally occurring response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

What is the conditioned stimulus? CS

Answer 9

Previously neutral but through conditioning elicits the response associated with the UCS

Question 10

What is conditioned response CR?

Answer 10

Reaction learned by the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a UCS

Question 11

NS+UCS=?

Answer 11

=CR

Question 12

Before conditioning: The neutral stimulus was the metronome
After conditioning the metronome is:

Answer 12

Conditioned stimulus

Question 13

What are the 4 basic principles of classical conditioning:

Answer 13

1. The NS must come before the UCS (metronome must be played before giving the food to dogs in order for them to be conditioned)
2. The NS and UCS must come very close together in time - ideally only seconds apart (only exception is taste aversion: ex food poisoning, the food and poisoning are a long time apart but wtv)
3. The NS must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take place.
   • some exceptions – e.g., taste aversion, event with high emotion like extreme fear
4. The CS is usually a stimulus that is distinctive or stands out.

Question 14

What are the 3 processes within classical conditioning:

Answer 14

• Extinction – gradual weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response

• Spontaneous recovery – the reappearance of a
conditioned response after extinction has occurred (usually weaker)
• Second-order (Higher-order) conditioning – when a strong CS is paired with a NS, causing the NS to become a second CS
CS+NS=NS=CS^2
Ex: image

Question 15

What is taste aviation:

Answer 15

Here’s a simpler version:

Conditioned taste aversion is when someone feels sick or dislikes a food after eating it once and getting nausea afterward.

Question 16

What is biological preparedness

Answer 16

Helps with survival – mammals avoid based on taste and smell

Question 17

What is conditioned emotional response

Answer 17

John B. Watson – used “Little Albert” in a famous
classical conditioning experiment that
demonstrated “phobias” are learned (can be unlearned)

Question 18

What are suds?

Answer 18

Subjective units of distress 1-100 (100= super scared)

Question 19

What is the flooding method to face your fears:

Answer 19

Drowning you in it.
Example if you are scared of spiders, wed lock you in a room with 100000 spiders.

Question 20

What is graduated exposure

Answer 20

A little bit at a time, small pieces, think about spider, look at spider photo, look at a real spider, touch a spider, hold a spider, be in a room with 2 spiders….

Question 21

What is operant conditioning

Answer 21

the learning of voluntary
behaviour through the effects of consequences to responses

Question 22

What does operant mean:

Answer 22

Learning of voluntary actions

Question 23

What is conditioning

Answer 23

Rewards or punishments, determines if we do behaviour again

Question 24

Operant conditioning for Thorndikes Law of effect (cat guy)

Answer 24

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant
consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Question 25

What was Skinners operant conditioning?

Answer 25

Learning depends on what happens after the response — the consequence

Question 26

What is reinforcement?

Answer 26

any event or stimulus that, anything that happens after a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Question 27

Which weakens and strengthens reinforcement vs punishment?

Answer 27

Reinforcement strengthens the tendency to make a response. • Punishment weakens the tendency to make a response.

Question 28

Positive reinforcement explain it:

Answer 28

The behaviour is strengthened by the presence of a pleasant stimulus after the behaviour (ex. food, smiles) + something pleasant :candy to make you want to do it again

Question 29

Explain negative reinforcement:

Answer 29

the behaviour is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after the behaviour (ex. alarm stops) - taking away something, classes works really well= teacher removes homework as a reward

Question 30

Reinforcement simply is:

Answer 30

Encouraging us to do something again

Question 31

What is punishment

Answer 31

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, decreases the probability that the response will occur again To discourage the behaviour ***Remember that punishment weakens the tendency to make a response.

Question 32

Positive Punishment: Explain:

Answer 32

the addition (+) of an unpleasant (-)stimulus decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again Adding punishment to make sure something doesn’t happen again Ex: spankings, extra work, feeling embarrassed. You goof off in class= teacher gives (MORE) homework

Question 33

Explain negative punishment:

Answer 33

the removal of a pleasant stimulus will decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again Ex: being grounded, having your phone taken away, no dessert at dinner…

Question 34

What is shaping?

Answer 34

reinforcement of simple steps in behaviour that lead to a desired, more complex behaviour Ex: Training a dog to open a fridge • Successive approximations

Question 35

What are the processes in operant conditioning (3)

Answer 35

• Extinction occurs if the behaviour (response) is not reinforced (Ex: teachers dog) • Conditioned responses generalized to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.(“dog dance”=dance…. “Dog lance=dance) • Spontaneous recovery (reoccurrence of a once extinguished response) (dog remembers how to dance after a while)

Question 36

What does fixed mean:

Answer 36

Always the same

Question 37

What does variable mean:

Answer 37

Changes

Question 38

What’s a FIXED ratio

Answer 38

the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same Ex: for a coffee card, for every free coffee you need to buy 8. Example 2: You make 6 boxes you get paid 25$

Question 39

What is ratio:

Answer 39

Number of times behaviour must be done

Question 40

What is interval:

Answer 40

Amount of time that must pass

Question 41

What is a fixed interval:

Answer 41

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same Example: every 20 mins she gives us a 5 min break regardless if we’ve worked hard or goofed off. Example 2: Every 5 days you get 20$ no matter what.

Question 42

What is variable ratio:

Answer 42

the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event Ex: fishing you cast out and wait for a fish you dont know how many fish you’ll catch but you still must cast the rod

Question 43

What is variable interval:

Answer 43

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event Example: she gives us candy after 5 mins than after 6 mins than after 12 mins….

Question 44

What are the first and strongest schedules of reinforcement:

Answer 44

1. (Strongest) Variable ratio 2. Variable interval

Question 45

What is observant learning:

Answer 45

learning new behaviour by watching a model perform that behaviour Learning can take place without actual performance of the behavior Example: Patton watching Tonia and I, he tries to be a big kid.