Chapter 2 Review

Question 1

What are the 4 core elements required for organic life?

Answer 1

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

Question 2

What is the electronegativity of Oxygen?

Answer 2

3.44

Question 3

What is the electronegativity of Nitrogen

Answer 3

3.04

Question 4

What is the electronegativity of Carbon?

Answer 4

2.55

Question 5

What is the electronegativity of Hydrogen?

Answer 5

2.20

Question 6

What electronegativity difference makes a polar bond?

Answer 6

A difference greater than 0.4

Question 7

What is a common polar bond?

Answer 7

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Question 8

What are the 7 important functional groups for organic life?

Answer 8

1. Hydroxyl group
2. Carbonyl group
3. Carboxyl group
4. Amino group
5. Sulfhydryl group
6. Phosphate group
7. Methyl group

Question 9

List the properties, makeup, and compound name of the hydroxyl group

Answer 9

properties:
- polar
- helps dissolve compounds (like sugars)

makeup: -OH

Compound name: Alcohol (specific names end in ol)

Question 10

List the properties, makeup, and compound name of the carbonyl group

Answer 10

properties:
- sugars with ketone groups are ketoses (-one)
- sugars with aldehyde groups are aldoses (-al)

makeup: C=O

compound name: ketone (when C=O at end of C skeleton) or aldehyde (when C=O is at end of C skeleton)

Question 11

List the properties, makeup, compound name and ionized form of the Carboxyl group

Answer 11

properties:
- acts as an acid (because bond between H and O is so polar)

makeup: -COOH (C double bonded to one O and single bonded to one hydroxyl)

Compound name: Carboxylic Acid or Organic Acid (-ic acid)

Ionized form: -COO- & H+
(C double bonded to one O and single bonded to O with negative charge. Hydrogen ion also released)

Question 12

List the properties, makeup, compound name, and ionized form of the Amino group

Answer 12

properties:
- acts as a base (can take H+ from water)

makeup: -NH2

Compound name: Amine

Ionized form: -NH3+ (absorbes 1 H+)

Question 13

List the properties, makeup, and compound name of the Sulfhydryl group

Answer 13

properties:
- two can react together, forming a “cross-link” which help stabilize proteins structure

makeup: -SH

Compound name: Thiol

Question 14

List the properties, makeup, and compound name of the Phosphate group

Answer 14

properties:
- contributes negative charge in group of phosphates
- Orients molecules so it can react with water, releasing energy

makeup: -OPO3^2-
(P with 4 O’s around it. One double bonded, two charged negatively and one connected to the rest of the chain)

compound name: organic phosphate

Question 15

List the properties, makeup, and compound name of the Methyl group

Answer 15

properties:
- affects expression of genes when on DNA
- affects shape/function of sex hormones

makeup: -CH3

compound name: methylated compound