Chapter 22

Question 1

What percentage of industrial capacity had the GPW destroyed

Answer 1

70%

Question 2

How did opposition to the West impact Soviet satellite states immediatly after the GPW

Answer 2

US Marshall Aid was turned down, and instead Cominform and Comecon was introduced

Question 3

Main Stalinist industrial policies after GPW, and how successful were they

Answer 3

Revive Ukraine, and overtake USA in industrial capacity (not complete revival, and second to the USA)

Question 4

Evidence of USSR benefitting from German industry after GPW

Answer 4

Whole plants transferred from East Germany as reparations, such as the German Opel factory was relocated to Moscow

Question 5

What were the main issues that Khrushchev faced industrially when from 1953

Answer 5

• Output targets were assessed by weight, resulting in heavy industry being favoured over light
• Massive ammounts of capital investment was requried to reach a stand-still

Question 6

How did Khrushchev attempt to decentralise economically

Answer 6

• Sixty Moscow ministries abolsihed
• USSR divided into 105 economic reigons, each with its own local economic council (sovarkhoz) to plan and supervise economic affairs

Question 7

How did Khrushchev fail to decentralise economically

Answer 7

New supreme economic council establihsed in 1959 to supervise a new seven year plan, yet just added another layer of bureaucracy and measures were quickly abandoned in 1965 after Khrushchev’s fall

Question 8

What did the 1959 seven year plan emphasise

Answer 8

• 40-hour week
• 40% wage increase by 1965
• Expansion in consumer goods and chemical industry

Question 9

Evidence of an increase in consumer goods under Khrushchev

Answer 9

• Aeroflot cooperation was subsidised to offer cheap long-distance air travel
• Refrigerator output grew from 151 thousand to 1675 thousand from 1955-65

Question 10

How close was the USSR to overtaking the USA economically under Khrushchev

Answer 10

No where near

Question 11

How successful was Khrushchev’s focus on consumer goods

Answer 11

Only a 2% growth in 1964

Question 12

Successes and faliures of USSR space exploration

Answer 12

• In 1957 first satellite Sputnik launched
• Photos of the dark side of the moon were taken
• In April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space
• Yet, the instrumentation was unsophisticated and inferior to that of the USA

Question 13

How many farms were left operational following the GPW

Answer 13

1/3

Question 14

What contributed to agricultural hardship immediatly after the GPW

Answer 14

1946 saw the worst drought since 1891

Question 15

Stalin’s main agricultural policies following GPW and their success

Answer 15

Higher taxes on produce from private plots to increase production, yet production still behind industry and not to levels of 1940

Question 16

What changes did Khrushchev introduce to incentivise peasants to increase production

Answer 16

• Reduce taxes
• Cut quotas on private plots
• Collectives able to choose how to use their land
• Peasants who didn’t possess animals no longer required to deliver meat to the state

Question 16

When were Virgin Land Schemes launched

Answer 16

Early 1954

Question 17

What were the Virgin Land Schemes

Answer 17

Cultivate grazing lands in Western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan

Question 18

How much virign land was ploughed for wheat

Answer 18

35.9 million hectares

Question 19

How successful were Khrushchev’s initatives to reduce private plots

Answer 19

Provided half of their income dispite representing 3% of cultivated area

Question 19

Why did Khrushchev focus on maize production

Answer 19

Produced high tonnage per hectare and could be used for both human consumption and animal fodder

Question 20

Why were Khrushchevs farms still not mechanised

Answer 20

Few farmers were capable of carrying out repairs on tractors, and peasants were not prepared to pay stations to service the machinary

Question 21

Why were the Virgin Land Schemes deemed a faliure

Answer 21

• A poor 1963 harvest meant grain had to be imported, even from USA
• Maize cornflakes were rejected in favour of buckwheat porridge

Question 22

Overriding statement for as to why Khrushchev’s economic initatives failed

Answer 22

Too many different intitives were carried out without sufficient thought so failed

Question 23

Working week under Stalin post-GPW

Answer 23

remained at wartime levels with a norm of 12 hours per day

Question 24

what was the main differential in Stalinist society post-gpw

Answer 24

rations for party officials much higher

Question 25

Evidence of how consumer goods were growing under khrushchev

Answer 25

Refrigerator output increased from 151-1675 thousand between 1955-65

Question 26

How did Khrushchev change working hours

Answer 26

40 hour working week

Question 27

wage differentials under khrushchev

Answer 27

between highest and lowest paid were lower than those in any other highly industrialised country

Question 28

Despite the USSR having the gap between highest and lowest paid were lower than those in any other highly industrialised country, what was not fair

Answer 28

Privileges still remained in the form of non-wage payments such as heal care and holidays

Question 29

Evidence that USSR wasn't entirely modernised socially by 1964

Answer 29

When the first supermarkets were obeneded, shop assistants used abacuses rather than cash registers

Question 30

Despite Refrigerator output increased from 151-1675 thousand between 1955-65, what was the issue with consumer goods

Answer 30

Quality was often poor

Question 31

What was the main reason as to why social life under Stalin post-gpw was fearful and grim

Answer 31

Stalin's paranoia

Question 32

Evidence of international sports tours

Answer 32

Moscow Dynamo's football team

Question 33

how did youth physically show cultural dissidence

Answer 33

jeans, jazz make-up, greased back hair all inspired from west

Question 34

evidence of youth cultural dissidence in education

Answer 34

Incidents in universityes or students boycotting lecutures or communist dining rooms in protest

Question 35

evidence of khrushchev reverting stalin's cultural repression

Answer 35

Shoshtakovich, previously accused of 'rootless cosmopolitanism' and Anna Akhmatova who's poetry was considered 'posionous' were premitted to work again despite being expelled from Union of Soviet writers

Question 36

Example of how authors of Western books were permitted to be sold in USSR

Answer 36

Graham Greene, Ernest Hemingway and A.J. Cronin

Question 37

What was the clear distinction in what was NOT permitted culturally under khrushchev

Answer 37

Anything that went further than criticising the Stalinist system, instead challanging the very basis of communism or the soviet state

Question 38

Example of how works challanging the communist state still firmly outlawed under khrushchev

Answer 38

* Boris Parsternak was not allowed to publish Dr Zhivago about lives destoryed in the civil war * Tamizdat - printed in Italy * Expelled from the Soviet Union of Writers * Heavily criticised in Pravda and prevented from travelling to recieve Nobel Prize for Literature

Question 39

Religon under khrushchev

Answer 39

* athiest brouhgt into school curriculum * children banned from church services from 1961 * forbidden for parents to teach religion to children * All higher learning had to deliver a mandatory course on the 'foundations of scientific athiesm' * All remaining seminaries were shut down

Question 40

what outlined aims for ethnic minorites under khrushchev

Answer 40

party doctrine 1961

Question 41

Ethnic minorities aim under khrushchev

Answer 41

all ethnic distinctions to dissaprear and a single common language be adopted by all nationalities in the soviet union

Question 42

statement to describe khrushchevs anti-semitic polciies compared to stalin, and piece of evidence

Answer 42

* Not as harsh but not accepting * Refused Jews to emigrate to the new state of Israel

Question 43

statement for people's rights under stalin in relation to the party

Answer 43

peoples needs placed well below those of the State under Stalin