Chapter 4

Question 1

When were the Polish rebellions under Alexander II, and what were they caused by

Answer 1

• Polish nationalism
• 1830
• 1863 surfaced, with 200,000 Poles establishing an underground government, waging gureliia warfare
• Crushed after fierce fighting in 1864

Question 2

Alexander II focus with Russification

Answer 2

Keeping the Empire together, not systematically persecuting minorities

Question 3

What demonstrates how Alexander II was willing to use opression to keep the Empire together

Answer 3

• Crushed in 1863 Polish revolt after fierce fighting in 1864
• Prohibited the use of Ukranian language in publications and perfomances in 1876

Question 4

Examples of Alexander II’s concessions to keep control

Answer 4

• Lativians and Estonians allowed to return to Luthernaism where Orthodoxy had previoulsy been demanded
• Allowed Finns to have their own ‘diet’

Question 4

Problem posed to Alexander II and Alexander III with there being over 100 ethnic groups in the Empire

Answer 4

• Many considered themselves distinct nations with their own national ideologies
• Such as Ukrainians in the South and South-west
• As did millions of Georgians and Romanians

Question 5

What was Alexander III’s main policy regarding Russification

Answer 5

• ‘Cultural Russification’
• Merging all the Tsars subjects into a single nation with a shared identity
• More than just keeping control

Question 6

Who was essential in driving Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies

Answer 6

Pobendonostev

Question 6

Alexander III Russification policies in Finland

Answer 6

• Abolished independant postal service
• In 1892, Russian coinage replaced the local currency
• Diet was reorganised

Question 6

Alexander III Russification policies in Poland

Answer 6

• National Bank closed in 1885
• All teaching to be done in Russian

Question 7

Alexander III Russification policies in Baltic Germany

Answer 7

German university of Dopar was ‘Russified’ to become Iurev University

Question 8

Alexander III Russification policies in Ukraine

Answer 8

• In 1883, laws to limit the use of the Ukranian language
• In 1884, all theatres in the five Ukranian provinces were closed

Question 9

Alexander III religious Russification policies

Answer 9

• Catholic monasteries closed in Poland
• In Asia, 8500 heathens and Muslims were converted to orthodoxy in mass baptisms

Question 10

Evidence to show how Alexander III belived orthodox supremacy was required for Russification

Answer 10

Any attempt to convert a member of the Orthodox Church to another faith was made punishable by exile to Siberia

Question 11

Statistic to show how Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies were being recieved with hostitlity

Answer 11

In June 1888, the Department of Police estimated 332 cases of mass disturbance in 61 of the 92 provinces and districts

Question 12

Evidence to show brutal supression of minority uprisings under Alexander III

Answer 12

• Bashkira, 1884
• Tashkent, 1892

Question 13

What was the most common belief of those who supported Alexander III’s Russification

Answer 13

Unity was required for modernisation

Question 14

What was the true consequence of Alexander III’s Russification policies

Answer 14

• Intensified feelings of national minorities against tsarist rule
• Provoked many who would’ve otherwise been loyal to join oppositon groups

Question 15

Where had the Jews of the Russian Empire been confined to ((in the context of Russification))

Answer 15

• Five million jews
• confined to Pale of Settlement
• Since 1736
• An area outside of which a permit was required for Jews to live

Question 16

What were the principal reasons why Jewish resentment was so high amongst the population

Answer 16

• Church teachings perpretuated negative money-lendig stereotypes
• Alexander III was anti-semetic himself on religious grounds
• Pobendonostev used inflammatory slogans like ‘beat the Yids, save Russia’
• Right-wing press encouraged the belief that Jews had been piviotal in Alexander II’s assasination

Question 17

When and where was the first pogrom

Answer 17

• Yelizavetgrad
• April 1881
• Encouraged by Okhrana

Question 18

How widespread were the pogroms of the 1880’s

Answer 18

Affected 16 major cities

Question 19

What occured during pogroms

Answer 19

• Jewish property was burnt
• Countless incidences of rape and murder

Question 20

Apart from pogroms, what evidence shows Jewish discrimination under Alexander III

Answer 20

• In May 1882, laws limited the rights of Jews across the Empire
• In 1892, 20,000 Jews were expelled from Moscow during Passover, and a newly built synogogue was closed down

Question 21

What was the consequence of heavy anti-semitism under Alexander III

Answer 21

Jewish expulsion led to a disproportionate number in revolutionary groups - like Trotsky and Martov