Biology 1101 > Chapter 22 - Gene Function > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Gene Function Flashcards

12/4/25 (63 cards)

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long, tightly packed strand of DNA.

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

The molecule that carries genetic instructions.

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

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4
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A protein

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5
Q

What do proteins control?

A

Traits.

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6
Q

What is a trait?

A

A physical or biological characteristic like eye color or blood type.

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7
Q

What is transcription?

A

Making RNA from a DNA template.

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8
Q

What enzyme performs transcription?

A

RNA polymerase.

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9
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus.

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10
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

In what direction is DNA read during transcription?

A

3′ → 5′.

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12
Q

In what direction is mRNA built?

A

5′ → 3′.

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13
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The DNA strand RNA polymerase reads.

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14
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

The DNA strand that matches mRNA except T is replaced with U.

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15
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

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16
Q

What does upstream mean?

A

DNA before the transcription start site.

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17
Q

What does downstream mean?

A

DNA after the transcription start site.

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18
Q

What is the –35 region?

A

A promoter region 35 bases before the start site.

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19
Q

What is the –10 region?

A

A promoter region 10 bases before the start site.

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20
Q

What are the three phases of transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

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21
Q

What happens during initiation?

A

RNA polymerase binds the promoter and starts RNA synthesis.

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22
Q

What is the RNA polymerase holoenzyme?

A

Core enzyme plus sigma factor.

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23
Q

What does the sigma factor do?

A

Recognizes the promoter and separates DNA.

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24
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

RNA polymerase builds the RNA strand.

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25
What is a terminator?
A DNA signal that stops transcription.
26
How does Rho-dependent termination work?
Rho protein pulls mRNA off RNA polymerase.
27
How does Rho-independent termination work?
mRNA forms a hairpin loop causing RNA polymerase to fall off.
28
What is a transcript?
The mRNA produced from transcription.
29
What is a codon?
Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid.
30
What is the genetic code?
Instructions for building proteins.
31
Which codon position is most conserved?
The second position.
32
What is a reading frame?
How codons are grouped to make a protein.
33
What is a ribosome?
A protein-making organelle.
34
What is translation?
Making a protein from mRNA.
35
What happens at the A site?
tRNA enters.
36
What happens at the P site?
The protein chain grows.
37
What happens at the E site?
tRNA exits.
38
What is the start codon?
AUG.
39
What is the first amino acid?
Methionine.
40
Which ribosomal subunit binds first?
The small subunit.
41
What does tRNA do?
Delivers amino acids to the ribosome.
42
What is an anticodon?
A sequence that matches an mRNA codon.
43
How does the ribosome move?
One codon at a time.
44
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, and UGA.
44
What bond links amino acids?
Peptide bonds.
45
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids.
46
Why is protein folding important?
Correct shape is needed for function.
47
What is phosphorylation?
Adding a phosphate group.
48
What is glycosylation?
Adding a sugar.
49
What is gene regulation?
Control of when genes are turned on or off.
50
What are introns?
Noncoding RNA sections.
51
What are histones?
Proteins DNA wraps around.
52
What happens when DNA is tightly packed?
Genes are turned off.
53
What is the operator?
A gate that controls gene access.
53
What are exons?
Coding RNA sections.
53
What does the lac operon do?
Breaks down lactose.
54
What is an operon?
A group of genes controlled together in bacteria.
55
When are inducible operons turned on?
When a specific substance is present.
56
When are repressible operons turned off?
When enough product is present.
56
What does β-galactosidase do?
Breaks down lactose.
57
What does permease do?
Brings lactose into the cell.
58
What does the trp operon do?
Makes tryptophan.
59
When is the trp operon turned off?
When tryptophan levels are high.
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