Chapter 23 Flashcards by Myles Saint Louis

Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences in DNA/alleles within a population

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Q

Phenotypic variation

A

Visible differences caused by different genotypes

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Q

Relationship

A

Allele variation → phenotype variation → microevolution

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Q

Population

A

Individuals of same species in same area/time

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Q

Gene pool

A

All alleles in a population

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Q

Allele frequency

A

copies of allele ÷ total alleles

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Q

Genotype frequency

A

individuals with genotype ÷ total individuals

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Q

Hardy-Weinberg p+q

A

p + q = 1

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Q

Hardy-Weinberg p²+2pq+q²

A

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

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Q

p²

A

Homozygous dominant frequency

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Q

2pq

A

Heterozygous frequency

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Q

q²

A

Homozygous recessive frequency

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Q

HW Condition 1

A

No mutation

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Q

HW Condition 2

A

Random mating

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Q

HW Condition 3

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A

No natural selection

Q

HW Condition 4

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A

No gene flow

Q

HW Condition 5

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A

Large population

Q

Meaning of equilibrium

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A

Allele frequencies don’t change → no evolution

Q

Meaning of change

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A

An evolutionary mechanism is acting

Q

Fitness

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A

Contribution of a genotype to next generation

Q

Directional selection

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A

Favors one extreme phenotype

Q

Stabilizing selection

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A

Favors intermediate phenotypes

Q

Disruptive selection

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A

Favors both extreme phenotypes

Balancing selection

Maintains multiple alleles

Heterozygote advantage

Heterozygotes have highest fitness

Negative freq-dependent

Rare phenotypes have higher fitness

Intersexual selection

Mate choice

Intrasexual selection

Competition for mates

Natural selection

Nonrandom allele frequency change

Genetic drift

Random allele frequency change; strong in small pops

Gene flow

Movement of alleles between populations

Bottleneck effect

Sudden population decrease → less variation

Founder effect

Small group forms new population → less variation

Assortative mating

Similar phenotypes mate → ↑ homozygotes

Disassortative mating

Different phenotypes mate → ↑ heterozygotes

Inbreeding

Relatives mate → ↑ homozygosity & harmful recessives