What is the purpose of taxonomy?
To divide, classify, and name organisms into organized categories (taxa).
What is a taxon?
Any named level of classification.
What is the highest taxonomic level?
Domain.
What is the purpose of systematics?
To study and reconstruct evolutionary relationships between species.
What data does systematics use to compare species?
Morphology, genomics, protein sequences, developmental genes.
What is cladistics?
A method that builds cladograms based on shared derived traits.
What type of traits does cladistics compare?
Homologous traits (characters).
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
List the taxonomic hierarchy from most to least inclusive.
Domain → Supergroup → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
What is a binomial name?
A 2-part scientific name: Genus + species (e.g., Panthera pardus).
How do you format a binomial name?
Genus capitalized, species lowercase, both italicized or underlined.
What does the root of a phylogenetic tree represent?
The most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
What is a branch point (node)?
A divergence event where species split.
What are sister taxa?
Two taxa that share an immediate common ancestor.
What is a polytomy?
A node where evolutionary relationships are unclear.
What is a basal taxon?
A lineage that diverges early from the rest.
What can phylogenetic trees tell us?
Patterns of evolutionary descent.
What can phylogenetic trees NOT tell us?
Phenotypic similarity, exact ages of species, or that one species evolved from a neighboring one.
What is anagenesis?
One species evolves into another without branching.
What is cladogenesis?
One species splits into two or more species (branching).
What is a clade?
A common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What is a monophyletic group?
A clade: ancestor + all descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group?
Ancestor + some descendants (not all).
What is a polyphyletic group?
A group that excludes the most recent common ancestor.
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Chapter 1 (1.5)22
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Chapter 2 (2.1 & 2.2)35
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Chapter 2 (2.4 & 2.5)26
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Chapter 3 (3.1 - 3.5)36
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Chapter 4 (Section 4.3-4.5)24
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ndomembrane system and protein sorting/ endosymbiotic theory25
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Chapter 5 (Membrane structure & transport)44
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Cell Communication25
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Chem Reactions and Energy33
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Chapter 5 metbalolsim24
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Cell Respiration18
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Chapter 1130
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Chapter 1650
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Chapter 1725
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Gene Regulation41
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Chapter 1520
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Gene Expression74
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Exam 2 Questions40
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Exam 3 Questions40
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Exam 4 Questions39
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Chapter 2231
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Chapter 2337
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Chapter 2430
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Chapter 2526
