Chapter 4 (Section 4.3-4.5)

Question 1

What are the key tenets of the Cell Theory?

Answer 1

All living organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Why is a high SA:V ratio important for cells?

Answer 2

A higher surface area to volume ratio allows for more efficient diffusion of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 3

List the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes include fungi, protists, plants, and animals

Question 4

What are the main organelles found in a typical eukaryotic cell?

Answer 4

• Nucleus
• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Ribosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Plasma membrane

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

Enclosed by the nuclear envelope

Protection, organization, replication, and expression of genetic material.

Question 6

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do?

Answer 6

• Sorts proteins
• Synthesizes proteins
• Glycosylates proteins and lipids

Question 7

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Answer 7

• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Accumulation of Ca2+
• Synthesis and modification of lipids
• Detoxification of drugs and poisons

Question 8

Lysosome

Answer 8

involved in intracellular digestion of macromolecules and contains acid hydrolases.

Question 9

What are the functions of vacuoles?

Answer 9

• Storage
• Regulation of cell volume
• Degradation
  Plants have one big one

Question 10

What distinguishes lysosomes from peroxisomes?

Answer 10

• Lysosomes are only in animal cells and involved in breaking down molecules.
• Peroxisomes are in all eukaryotic cells and involved in detoxifying reactions.

Question 11

What are semiautonomous organelles?

Answer 11

Organelles that contain their own DNA and can grow and divide to reproduce themselves,

mitochondria

chloroplasts.

Question 12

What are the three regions of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 12

• Cis
• Medial
• Trans

Question 13

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have their DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 14

The region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane, including the cytosol.

Question 15

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Answer 15

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins.

Question 16

What is the primary function of peroxisomes?

Answer 16

To break down organic molecules and catalyze detoxifying reactions.

Question 17

How do larger cells compare to smaller cells in terms of SA:V ratio?

Answer 17

Smaller cells have a greater surface area relative to their volume, making them more efficient.

Question 18

What is the cytosol?

Answer 18

The semifluid substance inside the plasma membrane but outside the organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Question 19

What are the components of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 19

• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleoid region
• Ribosomes
• Cell wall
• Glycocalyx
• Appendages (pili and flagella)

Question 20

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

Directs the processing of molecules from the ER and protein sorting.

Question 21

Genome v Proteome

Answer 21

Genome: contains an organism’s genetic instructions

Proteome: Determines the structure and function

Question 22

Nuclear pores

Answer 22

regulate entry and exit of molecules

Question 23

What is the structure of the ER

Answer 23

Cisternae: Flattened, fluid-filled tubules made from a network of
membranes

Question 24

Explain why different cells in the same organism (with the same DNA) can look and
function in a unique way

Answer 24

Cells within the same organism (same genome) can have very different
morphologies and functions bc of different proteomes