Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 24 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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0
Q

What does increasing turbulence in conchae do?

A

Filters out airborne particles

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1
Q

Functions of the conchae

A
  • Divide cavity into passages
  • Support mucous membranes
  • Increase surface area
  • Increase turbulence
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2
Q

Air filled sacs within cranial bone

A

Sinuses

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3
Q

Different kinds of sinuses

A
  • Maxilla
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
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4
Q

When do sinuses open into?

A

Nasal cavity

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5
Q

What are sinuses lined with?

A

Mucous membranes

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6
Q

Functions of sinuses

A
  • Decreases weight of skull
  • Produce mucus
  • Resonant chambers
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7
Q

Shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system

A

Throat

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8
Q

Part of the throat that is above uvula and posterior to internal nares

A

Nasopharynx

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9
Q

Part of the throat that is a portion visible in a mirror

A

Oropharynx

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10
Q

Part of the throat that is between hyoid and esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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11
Q

Functions of the throat

A
  • Passage for food
  • Passage for air
  • Sound production
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12
Q

Layers of the respiratory tree

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Trachealis muscle
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13
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What is the Submucosa?

A

Areolar CT and serous and mucous glands

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15
Q

What is Trachealis muscle?

A
  • transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle

- more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

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16
Q

Enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx

A

Larynx

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17
Q

What does the larynx do?

A
  • routes air and food to proper channels
  • surrounds and protects the glottis
  • houses vocal cords
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18
Q

Opening in larynx

A

Glottis

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19
Q

Composition of larynx

A
  • muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue

- cartilages

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20
Q

Types of cartilage in the larynx with meanings

A

Thyroid - Adam’s apple
Cricoid - support posterior larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform - attach and control vocal cords
Epiglottis - projects into the pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

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21
Q

Folds in mucous membrane

A

Vocal cords

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22
Q

Three facts about vestibular folds

A
  1. False vocal cords
  2. No sound production
  3. Muscles help close larynx during swallowing
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23
Q

True vocal cords that cause sound production

A

Vocal cords

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24
Process of speaking
1. Air pushed past vocal folds that cause vibrations 2. Pitch controlled by changing tension of cords (tight=high) 3. Volume related to force of air cords (more force = loud) 4. Oral cavity, lips, and tongue changes sound
25
A very flexible tube
Trachea
26
What does the trachea connect?
Connects larynx with bronchi
27
Composition of the inner wall of the trachea
- ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells | - 20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
28
What does the ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells in the trachea do?
- beat continuously | - expel mucous loaded with debris
29
Functions of the trachea
- filter and direct air - cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible) - soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand
30
Formed by the division of trachea
Bronchi
31
Where bronchi split
Carina
32
Bronchi enter lungs where?
Hilus
33
The branches and subdivisions of the bronchi
Primary Secondary Tertiary Bronchioles
34
Differences between the right and left bronchus
- wider, shorter, straighter - three parts - superior one divides early
35
Branches of the tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
36
How many terminal bronchioles form?
6500
37
Consequences of the bronchioles being mostly smooth muscle dominant and having little cartilage
Bronchodialation and Bronchoconstriction
38
Terminal bronchioles branch into what?
Respiratory lobules
39
What do respiratory lobules do?
50-80 per lobule | Branch into alveolar ducts
40
What does the respiratory system consist of?
- Upper respiratory system | - Lower respiratory system
41
What does the upper respiratory system do?
Filter, warm, and humidify air and bring it to and from the lower respiratory
42
What is in the respiratory system?
Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx
43
What does the lower respiratory system do?
Has alveoli - gas exchange surface
44
What is in the lower respiratory system?
``` Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli ```
45
Functions of the respiratory system?
- Extensive area for gas exchange - Move air to and from exchange surface - Protect exchange surfaces from damages (Dehydration, temperature, pathogens) - Produce vocalization - Regulate blood volume, pH, pressure
46
Structure and function of gas exchange surfaces
1. Increase the surface of the membrane 2. Decrease the thickness of the respiratory membrane 3. Highly vascularize the respiratory membrane --- maximize concentration gradient
47
Explain the structures of the external nose
- Cartilage (Minor alar, major alar, and lateral nasal) - Nasal bone - External nares (encloses the nasal vestibule) - Nasal vestibule is protected by hairs - Opens into the nasal cavity - Separated by the nasal septum
48
Where does the nasal cavity start and end?
Starts at the nasal vestibule and ends at the internal nares
49
What is the nasal cavity divided by?
Nasal septum
50
What makes up the nasal septum?
- Vomer - Ethmoid - Septal cartilage
51
How is the nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity?
Hard and soft palate
52
What is the hard palate made up of?
Maxilla and palatine bone
53
What lines the nasal cavity?
Mucus membrane lining
54
What is the olfactory region? (2)
- Superior region of the nasal cavity | - All areas with olfactory receptors
55
Examples of what is in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
- Cribiform plate - Superior nasal conchae - Superior septum
56
The three projections of bone on each side of the nasal cavity
Conchae
57
Three parts of the conchae
Superior, inferior, middle
58
What bone is the conchae made out of?
Ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae bone
59
Grooves in between the conchae
Meatuses
60
Lead to alveolar sacs
Alveolar ducts
61
Contain several alveoli
Alveolar sacs
62
How many alveoli are there in a lung?
150 millions per lung
63
What is each alveoli associated with?
A network of capillaries
64
What does alveoli have an abundance of?
Elastic fibers
65
What type of cells is an alveolus composed of?
Pneumocyte type I and type II cells
66
What is the pneumocyte type I cell?
- Composed of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange | - Moist lining aids in diffusion across the respiratory membrane
67
What does the pneumocyte type II cell do?
- No gas exchange | - Secrete pulmonary surfactant
68
What does pulmonary surfactant do?
- Fluid will lower cohesive force of water - Alveolar walls don't stick to each other - Prevents collapse of alveoli
69
Each alveolus consists of what? (3) What do these characteristics make for?
- Basal lamina - Capillary network - Connective tissues -- Makes for a thin, flexible membrane
70
The components and meanings of the connective tissue in the alveolus
Fibroblasts --> Elastic and reticular fibers | Macrophages --> Phagocytosis
71
What cavity is the lungs in?
Thoracic cavity
72
Two membranes and the in between in lungs
Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity (in between)
73
Structures of the lungs
- Apex and base - Hilus - Lobes (2 left, 3 right, fissures separates) - Lobes divided into lobules
74
All vessels and bronchi enter here
Hilus
75
How does breathing work?
Depends on volume changes in cavity | Volume change --> pressure change --> gases flow to equalize pressure
76
Two phases of breathing
Expiration and inspiration
77
Explain inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract Thoracic cavity expands --> pressure in pleural cavity decreases --> lungs expand into lower pressure areas --> pressure in lungs decrease --> air moves into lungs to equalize pressure
78
Explain expiration
Passive Process Muscles relax --> recoil shrinks thoracic cavity --> pressure in pleural cavity increases --> lungs are compressed --> pressure in lungs decreases --> air moves out to equalize pressure
79
What is the passive process of expiration known as?
Tidal expiration
80
What muscles contract during forced respiration?
Internal intercostals external obliques abdominal recti
81
Explain forced respiration
Further shrinks thoracic cavity --> pressure in pleural cavity greatly increases --> lungs are compressed --> pressure in lungs greatly increase --> air moves out to equalize pressure
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