Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

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0
Q

Many tissues make up an ________

A

Organ

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1
Q
  • Made up of similiar types of cells and cell prodcuts

- Work together to perfrom a SPECIALIZED function

A

Tissues

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2
Q

The four different primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerual
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3
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

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4
Q

Six characteristics of epithelial tissue cells

A
  1. Covers all body surfaces
  2. Cellularity
  3. Polarity
  4. Attatchement
  5. Avascularity
  6. Regeneration
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5
Q

Means you have extremes

A

Polarity

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6
Q

Body surface is _____

A

Anything you can see

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7
Q

Tissue that lines the stomach and inner tubing

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Four functions of tissues

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Control permeability (absorption)
  3. Sensations
  4. Secretions
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9
Q

Four characteristics of cells (Including physical characteristics such as spacial distances)

A
  1. No matrix in between cells
  2. No space between cells
  3. Connected by junctions
  4. May contain fluids (even be water tight)
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10
Q

How do nutrients get to epithelial cells?

A

Nutrients are supplied through the blood underneath the skin

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11
Q

Three components to polarity

A
  1. Basal Side
  2. Lateral
  3. Apical
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12
Q

The Basal side grows off of a ______

A

Basal Lamina

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13
Q
  • Contacts adjacent cells

- Cell junctions

A

Lateral Side

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14
Q
  • Exposed to the Lumen

- Has specialization

A

Apical Side

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15
Q

The specializations of the apical side

A
  • Villi

- Microvilli

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16
Q

The basement membrane

A

Basal Lamina

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17
Q

Two components to the Basal Lamina

A
  1. Lamina Lucida

2. Lamina Densa

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18
Q

What does the lamina densa and lucida mean?

A
  • Dense

- Clear

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19
Q

Where is the Basal Lamina?

A

Exists on top of connective tissue

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20
Q

Arrangement of cells into layers reflects a cells ___ and ____

A
  • Location

- Function

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21
Q

Three kinds of layers of cells

A
  1. Simple Epithelium
  2. Pseudostratified
  3. Stratified Epithelium
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22
Q

Jobs of simple epithelium, pseudostratified, and stratified epithelium

A
  • Secretion and absorption
  • Nuclei at different levels so it looks like it is stratified but it isn’t
  • Protection
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23
Q

Four cell shapes and characteristics of each

A
  1. Squamous - flat
  2. Cubodial - cube shaped or hexagonal
  3. Columnar - tall and cylindrical
  4. Transitional - shape changes
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24
Structure, function, and location of a Simple Squamous cell
Structure - One layer of thin, flat, irregular cells Function - Absoprtion, diffusion, reduce friction Location - Blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules
25
Structure, function, and location of a Simple Cubodial cell?
Structure - One layer, hexagonal-box shaped cell Function - Absorption, secretion, limited protection Location - Glands, ducts, kidney tubules
26
Structure, function, and location of a Simple Columnar cell?
Strucure - one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells Function - protection, absorption, and secretion Location - stomach, intestine, gall bladder
27
Structure, function, and location of a Pseudostradified Columnar cell?
Structure - One layer, multi-shaped cells, nuclei at varied heights Function - Protection, secretion Location - Respiratory track, male reproductive tract
28
Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Squamous cell?
Structure - Thin, flat, irregular cells. Multiple layers Function - Protection against frequent abrasions Location - Skin, mouth, throat, vagina, rectum
29
Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Cuboidal cell?
Structure - Multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes Function - Secretion Location - Rare; sweat gland ducts
30
Structure, function, and location of a Stratified Columnar cell?
Structure - Multiple layers, hexagonal column shaped cells Function - Protection, secretion Location - Rare; pharynx, epiglottis
31
Structure, function, and location of a Transitional cell?
Structure - Multiple layers, can change shape Function - Expansion and recoil without tearing Location - Urinary bladder, Renal pelvis
32
Epithelial cells aggregate together to form a specific product called a ____
Gland
33
Two types of glands
1. Exocrine | 2. Endocrine
34
Secretes products into ducts that open a door on the surface | - Example
Exocrine Glands | - Sweat glands
35
Secrete products into tissue fluid or blood | - Example
Endocrine Glands | - Hormones
36
Two kinds of Exocrine Glands
1. Unicellular | 2. Multicellular
37
A unicellular exocrine cell is called a _______
Goblet Cell
38
Three CLASSIFICATIONS of multicellular exocrine glands
1. Secretory Sheets 2. Multicellular simple glands 3. Multicellular compound gland
39
- Multicellular exocrine gland - One large sheet covering a surface and - Rarely have ducts or pockets
Secretory sheets
40
- Exocrine multicellular gland - Have one distinct duct with outpocketing - Defined by the number and shape of these pockets
Multicellular Simple Glands
41
Three types of multicellular SIMPLE and COMPOUND glands and definitions
1. Tubular - elongate 2. Coiled - winds 3. Alveolar - lobed
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- Exocrine multicellular glands | - Have MANY distinct ducts with out pocketing
Multicellular Compounds Glands
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Three types of exocrine glands
1. Merocrine glands 2. Apocrine glands 3. Holocrine glands
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Exocrine glands are functionally classified based on _____
How the secretions are released
45
- Salivary glands | - Release product via exocytosis (Vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface)
Merocrine Glands
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- Mammary glands | - Pinching off cell portion (product is within this portion)
Apocrine Gland
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- Sebaceous glands - Product accumulates in cytosol - Cell ruptures and becomes the product
Holocrine Glands
48
General traits of connective tissue
1. Most abundant 2. Multiple functions 3. Spread apart 4. Able to reproduce 5. Well nourished; good blood supply 6. Vary in structure
49
Where does connective tissue not occur?
Free surfaces
50
What tissue group has good nerve and blood supply?
Connective Tissue
51
All connective tissue is derived from what?
Mesenchymal Cells
52
Stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue
Mesenchymal Cells
53
What two things is connective tissue composed of?
1. Extracellular matrix | 2. Cells that produce the matrix
54
What is the extracellular matrix composed of?
- Protein fibers | - Ground substances
55
Consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid
Ground substances
56
Cells rarely _____ due to the extracellular matrix
Touch
57
Functions of connective tissue
- Bind structures - Support and protection - Fill spaces - Store fat - Produce blood - Repair damage - Protect against infection - Transport fluids and dissolved materials
58
Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substances
Connective Tissue Proper
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Two kinds of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue | 2. Dense connective tissue
60
Three types of Loose connective tissue
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular
61
Three types of dense connective tissue
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
62
Two major cell types of CTP
Fixed and Wandering
63
Five fixed cells in CTP
1. Mesenchymal 2. Fibroblasts 3. Fixed Macrophages 4. Adipocytes 5. Melanocytes
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Cells that produce protein fibers
Fibroblasts
65
White blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders
Fixed Macrophages
66
Fat cells
Adipocytes
67
Produce melanin
Melanocytes
68
Two types of wandering cells
1. Free macrophages | 2. Other white blood cells
69
The blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders
Free macrophages
70
Secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders
Other white blood cells
71
- 25% of protein in your body - Arranged into thick fibers - Tough, resistant to pull - Formed from protein collagen
Collagen fibers
72
Where are collagen fibers found?
Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
73
- Formed from the proteins elastin and fibrillin - Smaller diameter fibers than collagen - Rubbery, resilient - Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to shape
Elastic fibers
74
What proteins form elastic fibers?
Elastin and fibrillin
75
Where are the elastic fibers found?
Lungs, blood vessels, skin
76
- Formed from protein collagen | - Thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
Reticular fibers
77
Where are reticular fibers found?
Spleen, Lymph nodes, basal lamina
78
Structure, function, and location of Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure: Loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes Function: Holds skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles Location: Digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts. Nerves and joints and around and between skeletal and smooth muscles
79
Structure, function, and location of Adipose Connective Tissue
Structure: mostly adipocytes Function: cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support Location: hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints
80
Structure, function, and location of Reticular Connective Tissue
Structure: Fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3D web Function:: support tissue in walls of organs Location: lymphoid organs, live and spleen
81
Structure, function, and location of Dense Regular CT?
Structure: many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space Function: Reinforces structures in one direction Location: tendons and ligaments
82
Structure, function, and location of Dense Irregular CT?
Structure: same as regular except no pattern Function: reinforces in several directions Locations: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs
83
Structure, function, and location of Elastic CT?
Structure: elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts Functions: provide elasticity Locations: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
84
Two types of fluid connective tissue
1. Blood | 2. Lymph
85
- Connective tissue with a liquid matrix - Contains RBC and WBC and Platelets - Provides clotting, immune frictions, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood
86
The liquid matrix in blood
The Plasma
87
Three cell types in blood
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - White blood cells (leukocytes) - Platelets
88
Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessles
Lymph
89
Supporting connective tissue that provides a framework that supports the rest of the body
- Cartilage | - Bone
90
General traits of connective tissue
1. Most abundant 2. Multiple functions 3. Spread apart 4. Able to reproduce 5. Well nourished; good blood supply 6. Vary in structure
91
Where does connective tissue not occur?
Free surfaces
92
What tissue group has good nerve and blood supply?
Connective Tissue
93
All connective tissue is derived from what?
Mesenchymal Cells
94
Stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue
Mesenchymal Cells
95
What two things is connective tissue composed of?
1. Extracellular matrix | 2. Cells that produce the matrix
96
What is the extracellular matrix composed of?
- Protein fibers | - Ground substances
97
Consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid
Ground substances
98
Cells rarely _____ due to the extracellular matrix
Touch
99
Functions of connective tissue
- Bind structures - Support and protection - Fill spaces - Store fat - Produce blood - Repair damage - Protect against infection - Transport fluids and dissolved materials
100
Connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substances
Connective Tissue Proper
101
Two kinds of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue | 2. Dense connective tissue
102
Three types of Loose connective tissue
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular
103
Three types of dense connective tissue
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
104
Two major cell types of CTP
Fixed and Wandering
105
Five fixed cells in CTP
1. Mesenchymal 2. Fibroblasts 3. Fixed Macrophages 4. Adipocytes 5. Melanocytes
106
Cells that produce protein fibers
Fibroblasts
107
White blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders
Fixed Macrophages
108
Fat cells
Adipocytes
109
Produce melanin
Melanocytes
110
Two types of wandering cells
1. Free macrophages | 2. Other white blood cells
111
The blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders
Free macrophages
112
Secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders
Other white blood cells
113
- 25% of protein in your body - Arranged into thick fibers - Tough, resistant to pull - Formed from protein collagen
Collagen fibers
114
Where are collagen fibers found?
Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
115
- Formed from the proteins elastin and fibrillin - Smaller diameter fibers than collagen - Rubbery, resilient - Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to shape
Elastic fibers
116
What proteins form elastic fibers?
Elastin and fibrillin
117
Where are the elastic fibers found?
Lungs, blood vessels, skin
118
- Formed from protein collagen | - Thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
Reticular fibers
119
Where are reticular fibers found?
Spleen, Lymph nodes, basal lamina
120
Structure, function, and location of Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure: Loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes Function: Holds skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles Location: Digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts. Nerves and joints and around and between skeletal and smooth muscles
121
Structure, function, and location of Adipose Connective Tissue
Structure: mostly adipocytes Function: cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support Location: hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints
122
Structure, function, and location of Reticular Connective Tissue
Structure: Fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3D web Function:: support tissue in walls of organs Location: lymphoid organs, live and spleen
123
Structure, function, and location of Dense Regular CT?
Structure: many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space Function: Reinforces structures in one direction Location: tendons and ligaments
124
Structure, function, and location of Dense Irregular CT?
Structure: same as regular except no pattern Function: reinforces in several directions Locations: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs
125
Structure, function, and location of Elastic CT?
Structure: elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts Functions: provide elasticity Locations: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
126
Two types of fluid connective tissue
1. Blood | 2. Lymph
127
- Connective tissue with a liquid matrix - Contains RBC and WBC and Platelets - Provides clotting, immune frictions, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood
128
The liquid matrix in blood
The Plasma
129
Three cell types in blood
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - White blood cells (leukocytes) - Platelets
130
Interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessles
Lymph
131
Supporting connective tissue that provides a framework that supports the rest of the body
- Cartilage | - Bone
132
Three jobs of membranes
1. Made of epithelial and connective tissue 2. Form barriers 3. Cover and protect
133
- Membrane that lines the passageways to exterior - Moistened by mucous - Contains areolar tissue
Mucous membranes
134
Where are the mucous membranes?
- Respiratory track - Mouth - Digestive tract
135
- Membrane - Simple squamous mesothelium - Secretes watery fluid
Serous Membrane
136
Where are the serous membranes?
Lining of the pleural cavity - Abdominopelvic cavity - Scrotal cavity - Pericardial cavity
137
Five characteristics of cutaneous membranes
1. Skin 2. Covers body surfaces 3. Thick 4. Waterproof 5. Dry
138
- In joint cavities - Produces synovial fluid - Lubricates joint - Promotes smooth movement
Synovial membrane
139
- Areolar and adipose tissue layer | - Sits deep to cutaneous membrane
Superficial fascia
140
- Dense CT sheets - Binds to tendons, ligaments, capsules, and bones - Deep to superficial fascia
Deep fascia
141
- Areolar CT sheet - Binds to serous membranes - Deep to deep fascia
Subserous fascia
142
General characteristics of muscle tissue
1. Contractile 2. Elastic 3. Extensible 4. Excitable
143
Structure, function, and location of skeletal muscle
Structure: Large cylindrical muscle fibers, multinucleated, striated, satellite cells Function: Voluntary control of skeleton, controls opening into digestive system, heat generation Location: Skeletal muscles (with connective/nervous tissues)
144
Three types of muscular tissue
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
145
Location, structure, function of cardiac tissue
Location: heart Structure: Unicellular branched cardiocytes, uninucleate, striated, INVOLUNTARY Function: Heartbeat
146
Structure, location, and function of muscle tissue
Structure: Short tapered cells, uninucleated, nonstriated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate Location: Lines tracts, BV's and hollow organs Function: Involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems
147
Two components to nervous tissue
1. Neurons | 2. Neuroglia
148
Transmit impulse for cell communication
Neurons
149
Support, nourish, and protect neruons
Neuroglia
150
Two components to the Integumentary system
1. Cutaneous membrane | 2. Accessory structures
151
What is the cutaneous membrane composed of?
1. Epidermis | 2. Dermis
152
What is the accessory structures?
1. Hair 2. Nails 3. Glands
153
Four functions of the integumentary system
1. Protects deeper tissues 2. Aids in heat regulation 3. Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid 4. Synthesizes vitamin D
154
What does the integumentary system protect deeper tissues from?
1. Mechanical damage 2. Chemical damage 3. Bacterial damage 4. Thermal damage 5. UV radiation 6. Desiccation
155
Four epidermis characteristics
1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Lacks blood vessels but can divide 3. As new cells grow, push older ones to surface 4. Outer most layers are dead
156
Four epidermal cell types
1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhan cells 4. Merkel cells
157
- Produce Keratin | - Provide protection
Keratinocytes
158
What percentage of epidermal cells does keratinocytes make up?
90%
159
- Produces melanin pigment which protects the epidermis from UV radiation - Melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
Menalocytes
160
- Comes from bone marrow - Part of immune system - White blood cells in there
Langerhan cells
161
What percentage of cells in the epidermis are melanocytes?
8%
162
- In deepest skin layer | - Form touch receptor with sensory neuron
Merkel cells
163
Four steps to keratinization and epidermal growth
1. Stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes at the basal lamina 2. As the keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin 3. Slowly die 4. Four week journey unless they are removed by abrasion
164
Five layers of the epidermis
1. Stratum germinativum 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum
165
- Deepest single layer of cells - Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly - Cells attached to each other and to basal lamina
Stratum germinativum
166
What attaches cells to each other and to basal lamina in stratum germinativum?
Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
167
- 8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomes - Melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes - During slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny
Stratum spinosum
168
- 3-5 layers of flat dying cells - Show nuclear degeneration - Contain dark staining keratohylan granules
Stratum granulosum
169
Release lipids that repels water
Keratohyalin granules
170
- Seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only | - Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells
Stratum lucidum
171
- 25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids - Continuously shed - Barrier to light, heat, water, chemical and bacteria - Friction stimulate callus formation
Stratum corneum
172
In what layer is caluses formed?
Stratum Corneum
173
Three components to thick skin
1. Palmer and planter surface 2. About 30 layers of stratified corneum 3. All five layers
174
Three components of thin skin
1. Rest of body surfaces 2. Fewer layers of stratified corneum 3. No stratified lucidum
175
_____ forms ridges that extend into the dermis
Stratum Germinativum
176
What is the point of epidermal ridges?
Increases area of contact for better grip
177
_____ is produced in epidermis by melanocytes
Melanin
178
Melanin production is in response to what?
Melanocyte stimulating hormones
179
There are the same number of _______ in everyone, but differing amounts of _____ produced
- Melanocytes | - Pigments
180
______ increases melanin production
UV in sunlight
181
Melanocytes convert ____ to _____
Tyrosine to melanin
182
Two types of melanin and their meanings
Eumelanin - typical brown or black melanin | Pheomelin - red-brown version
183
Freickle or liver spots form because
Melanocytes are in a patch
184
Benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes form
A nevus or mole
185
Inherited lack of tyrosinase; no pigments
Albinism
186
- Yellow orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A) | - Found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous
Carotene in dermis
187
- Red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells | - If other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident
Hemoglobin
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