Chapter 3

Question 1

What is considered a statement or claim ?

Answer 1

is an assertion that something is or is not the case; it is either true or false

Question 2

Critical reasoning –

Answer 2

is the careful, systematic evaluation of statements or claims

Question 3

An argument -

Answer 3

is a group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest

Question 4

Premises -

Answer 4

the supporting statements

Question 5

Conclusion -

Answer 5

the statement being supported

Question 6

What makes a good argument?

Answer 6

That’s its conclusion is worthy of belief or acceptance

Question 7

Deductive arguments –

Answer 7

are supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions
- its valid just in case the truth of the premises guarantees the trust of the conclusion

Question 8

Inductive Arguments –

Answer 8

• are supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions
  – is strong just in case that truth of the premises makes the truth of the conclusion probable

Question 9

Good arguements must be …

Answer 9

valid or strong. but they must also have true premises.

Question 10

A valid arguments with true premises is said to be –

Answer 10

sound

Question 11

A strong arguments with true premises is said to be –

Answer 11

cogent

Question 12

Implied premises -

Answer 12

premises that are merely implied, something too obvious to mention. This creates a gap between the premises and conclusions

Question 13

Moral Statement –

Answer 13

a statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one’s motive or character) is good or bad

Question 14

Nonmoral statement –

Answer 14

asserts that a state of affairs is actual (true or false) but does not assign moral values to it - is the link between the moral premise and the conclusion

Question 15

A moral statement is needed because —

Answer 15

We cannot establish what ought to be or should be base3d solely on what is

Question 16

What is the best way to test a moral premise?

Answer 16

to use counterexamples

Question 17

What are Fallacices?

Answer 17

Bad arguments that are convincing.

Question 18

Begging the questions -

Answer 18

arguing is a circle - that is, trying to use a statement as both a premise in an arguments and the conclusion of that argument

Question 19

Equivocation -

Answer 19

One commits this fallacy when one “assigns two different meanings to the same term in an argument”

Question 20

Appeal to Authority -

Answer 20

relying on the opinion of someone thought to be an expert who is not

Question 21

Expert is –

Answer 21

someone who is both knowledgeable about the facts and able to make reliable judgement about them

Question 22

Slippery slope -

Answer 22

using suspicious premises to argue that doing a particular action will inevitably lead to other actions that will result in disaster

Question 23

Appeal to emotion -

Answer 23

when we try to convince someone to accept a conclusion not by providing them with relevant reasons but by appealing only to fear, guilt, anger, hate, compassion, and the like

Question 24

Faulty Analogy -

Answer 24

a type of inductive argument that says because two things are alike in some ways, they must be alike in some additional way but not only must the degree of similarity great is also have to be relevant

Question 25

Appeal to tolerance—

Answer 25

This fallacy consists are arguing that a sense of evidence entitles us to believe a claim

Question 27

Straw man

Answer 27

Amount to misrepresenting someone claim or argument so it can be more easily refuted

Question 28

Appeal to person —

Answer 28

Arguing that a claim should be rejected solely because of the characteristics of the person who makes it

Question 29

Hasty generalization—

Answer 29

The mistake of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized (or unrepresentative) sample of the group