Chapter 3 Key Terms

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

everything that takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Conservation of Matter

Answer 2

a principle that states matter is neither created nor destroyed; rather it is recycled over and over again

Question 3

Elements

Answer 3

basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions

Question 4

Atoms

Answer 4

the smallest particles that exhibit characteristics of an element

Question 5

Atomic Number

Answer 5

a characteristic number of protons per atom that each element has

Question 6

Isotopes

Answer 6

forms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons (and therefore in mass)

Question 7

Compounds

Answer 7

substances composed of different kinds of atoms (held together by electrical attraction)

Question 8

Molecule

Answer 8

a pair or group of atoms existing as a single unit

Question 9

Ions

Answer 9

charged atoms that have either lost or gained electron(s)

Question 10

Anions

Answer 10

negatively charged ions that have gained electron(s)

Question 11

Cations

Answer 11

positively charged ions that have lost electron(s)

Question 12

Acids

Answer 12

substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water

Question 13

Bases

Answer 13

substances that readily bond with H+ ions

Question 14

pH

Answer 14

the negative logarithm of a substances H+ ions. This is how we describe the strength of an acid or base. Acids < 7, 7= neutral, base>7

Question 15

Organic Compounds

Answer 15

the material of which biomolecules and therefore living organisms are made

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

hydrophobic, component of cell walls. Includes fats, oils, and hormones. We burn some for energy

Question 17

Proteins

Answer 17

composed of chains of subunits called amino acids. can catalyze chemical reactions or form structural components of cells

Question 18

Carbohydrates

Answer 18

our primary source of dietary energy. includes sugars, smallest units are monosaccharides

Question 19

Nucleic Acids

Answer 19

store information and instructions on how to build protein. DNA & RNA

Question 20

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 20

essential for storing and expressing genetic information

Question 21

Cells

Answer 21

minute compartments within which the processes of life are carried out

Question 22

Enzymes

Answer 22

a special class of proteins that carry out all the chemical reactions required to create various structures

Question 23

Metabolism

Answer 23

the multitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism

Question 24

Energy

Answer 24

the ability to do work

Question 25

Kinetic energy

Answer 25

the energy contained in moving objects

Question 26

Potential Energy

Answer 26

stored energy that is latent but available for use

Question 27

Chemical energy

Answer 27

potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules

Question 28

Heat

Answer 28

the energy that can be transferred between objects due to their difference in temperature

Question 29

First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy)

Answer 29

energy is conserved, neither created/destroyed under normal conditions. It can be transformed, though

Question 30

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 30

with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work. Energy is degraded to lower quality forms/dissipaes and is lost as it is used

Question 31

Entropy

Answer 31

disorder in a system

Question 32

Chemosynthesis

Answer 32

the process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements to provide energy for synthesis of organic molecules

Question 33

Photosynthesis

Answer 33

converts radiant energy into high quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules. Formula: 6H₂O (water) + 6CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + solar energy -> C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 6O₂ (oxygen)

Question 34

Cellular Respiration

Answer 34

the process in which a cell breaks down sugar or other organic compounds to release energy used for cellular work. Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆ (sugar) + 6O₂ (oxygen) -> 6H₂O (water) + 6CO₂ + released energy

Question 35

Ecology

Answer 35

the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment

Question 36

Species

Answer 36

all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring

Question 37

Population

Answer 37

all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time

Question 38

Biological community

Answer 38

all the populations living and interacting in a particular area

Question 39

Ecosystem

Answer 39

ecological system (composed of biological community and its physical environment)

Question 40

Microbiome

Answer 40

a complex, interdependent community of microorganisms

Question 41

Producers

Answer 41

organisms that photosynthesize

Question 42

Productivity

Answer 42

the amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given period of time

Question 43

Biomass

Answer 43

biological material

Question 44

Food Chain

Answer 44

a linked feeding series

Question 45

Food Web

Answer 45

a complex, interlocking series of individual food chains in an ecosystem

Question 46

Trophic level

Answer 46

an organism's feeding status in an ecosystem

Question 47

Consumers

Answer 47

organisms that consume the chemical energy harnessed by producers

Question 48

Herbivores

Answer 48

plant eaters

Question 49

Carnivores

Answer 49

flesh eaters

Question 50

Omnivores

Answer 50

plant and flesh eaters

Question 51

Scavengers

Answer 51

clean up dead carcasses of larger animals

Question 52

Detrivores

Answer 52

consume detritus (litter, debris, and dung)

Question 53

Decomposers

Answer 53

complete the final breakdown/recycling of organic materials

Question 54

Hydrologic cycle

Answer 54

the path of water through our environment

Question 55

Carbon cycle

Answer 55

the path of carbon through our environment

Question 56

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 56

the path of nitrogen through our environment

Question 57

Phosphorus cycle

Answer 57

the one way path of phosphorus through our environment

Question 58

Primary Consumers

Answer 58

herbivores

Question 59

Secondary Consumers

Answer 59

carnivores

Question 60

Tertiary consumers

Answer 60

usually a top carnivore