Human Anatomy/Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell membrane separate?

A

The cell’s internal environment from the external environment

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2
Q

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
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3
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A
  • Hydrophilic phosphate heads
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
  • Arranged into a bilayer
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4
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A
  • Transmembrane (integral) proteins
  • Peripheral proteins
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5
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

Aid in cell recognition and can serve as receptors for hormones

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6
Q

What is meant by selectively permeable?

A

Allows only certain materials to pass into and out of the cell

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7
Q

Define passive transport

A

Movement of molecules that does not require energy

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8
Q

What are the two forms of passive transport?

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across the cell membrane

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10
Q

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water enters cells, causing them to swell

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11
Q

What does a hypertonic solution do to cells?

A

Causes cells to shrink as water leaves

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12
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

A primary active transport mechanism that moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell

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13
Q

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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14
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of a cell exporting material by vesicle fusion with the cell membrane

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The fluid-like interior of cells, including its compartments and organelles

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16
Q

What are organelles?

A

Membrane-bound structures within cells that perform specific functions

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17
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Involved in protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Involved in lipid synthesis
Makes lipids, identifies toxins, and stores calcium.

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19
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Sorts and modifies proteins from rough ER for transport

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20
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes used to break down wastes

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21
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
every mitochondria has its own dna

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for nutrient breakdown and ATP production.

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

True or False: The cell membrane is a rigid structure.

A

False

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24
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

Mitochondria are often referred to as the ‘energy transformers’ of the cell.

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25
What are the two membranes of mitochondria called?
Outer membrane and inner membrane ## Footnote The inner membrane is folded into structures known as cristae.
26
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?
Maintaining cell structure, organizing cytoplasm, aiding in cellular division ## Footnote The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments.
27
Name the three types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton.
* Microtubules * Intermediate filaments * Microfilaments ## Footnote Microtubules are made of tubulin, intermediate filaments are made of keratin, and microfilaments are made of actin.
28
True or False: The cytoskeleton is a fixed structure.
False ## Footnote The cytoskeleton is dynamic and can change based on the needs of the cell.
29
What do microvilli do?
Increase the surface area of the cell ## Footnote Microvilli are small, finger-like projections.
30
What is the function of cilia?
Aid in movement of the cell or movement across the surface of the cell
31
What is housed within the nucleus?
DNA of the cell ## Footnote Most human cells contain a single nucleus.
32
What is the function of nuclear pores?
Allow small molecules to move into and out of the nucleus
33
What is the nucleolus involved in?
Ribosome production
34
What nucleic acids are found in human cells?
* DNA * mRNA * tRNA * rRNA ## Footnote DNA serves as the storage form of the genome.
35
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-helix formed by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases ## Footnote The four nucleotide bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
36
How do adenine and thymine bond?
Adenine forms a double bond with thymine
37
What is chromatin?
Loose form of DNA
38
What happens to chromatin during replication?
It is packaged to form chromosomes
39
Where does protein synthesis begin?
In the nucleus
40
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
41
What is the process of creating a strand of mRNA from a DNA template called?
Transcription
42
What are the three stages of transcription?
* Initiation * Elongation * Termination
43
What must be removed from the mRNA transcript before it leaves the nucleus?
Introns
44
What is the role of ribosomes in translation?
Create a protein from an mRNA template
45
What is a codon?
A three nucleotide sequence of mRNA
46
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Brings amino acids to ribosomes
47
What happens during the initiation phase of translation?
Ribosome subunits attach to the start codon of mRNA
48
What are the three phases of the cell cycle?
* Interphase * Mitosis * Cytokinesis
49
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
Cell replicates its DNA
50
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Somatic cells
51
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human cells?
46
52
What is the haploid number of chromosomes in reproductive cells?
23
53
What is the process of copying DNA during the S phase called?
DNA replication
54
What is a sister chromatid?
Replicated copy of DNA attached at a centromere
55
Name the four major phases of mitosis.
* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase
56
What regulates cellular division?
* Growth factors * Contact inhibition * Increasing efficiency
57
What is cellular differentiation?
Process by which cells become specialized for a specific function
58
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can become required cell types
59
What process allows cells to become specialized for a specific function?
Differentiation ## Footnote Differentiation is the process through which a single cell develops into specialized cell types for various functions in the body.
60
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can become required cell types ## Footnote Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various specialized cells.
61
What role do transcription factors play in cellular differentiation?
They turn on necessary genes ## Footnote Transcription factors are proteins that help initiate and regulate the transcription of specific genes during differentiation.
62
What happens when specific genes are turned on in stem cells?
They produce certain proteins needed for the differentiated cell’s function ## Footnote The proteins produced are essential for the specific roles of the differentiated cells.
63
What should you be able to describe after finishing this chapter? (List one)
The structure of the cell membrane ## Footnote Understanding the cell membrane structure is crucial for grasping cell function and interactions.
64
What is one of the structures within the cytoplasm of a cell that should be described after this chapter?
Cellular organelles ## Footnote Cellular organelles perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival and operation.
65
What is one function discussed in this chapter related to cell biology?
Protein synthesis ## Footnote Protein synthesis is the process by which cells generate proteins, crucial for many cellular functions.
66
Fill in the blank: Cells develop from a _______.
single cell ## Footnote All human cells originate from a single fertilized egg cell.
67
Uniport
A type of secondary active transport. Moves 1 molecule into or out of the cell
68
What are the bonds in amino acids?
Peptides
Human Anatomy/Physiology 1
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