Disfluency Types
- _____ reps:
- ____word reps:
- ____ word reps:
- ____ reps:
- ____ sounds:
- ___ & broken words:
- ___ pause:
- _____:
- Revisions:
- _____ utterance:
- Part-word reps:
- Single-syllable word reps:
- Multiple-syllable word reps:
- Phrase reps:
- Prolonged sounds:
- Blocks & broken words:
- Tense pause:
- Interjections:
- Revisions:
- Incomplete utterance:
Stuttering-Like Disfluency:
1.
2.
3.
- part-word rep
- single syllable word rep
- dysrhythmic phonation
other dysfluency 1. 2. 3. 4.
- interjection
- multiple syllable word and phrase rep
- revision
- incomplete utterance
Why the term:Stuttering Like Disfluencies?
Two reasons:
- SLD are much more ____ and much more ____ in the speech of PWS
- Listeners show a strong inclination to _____ these disfluencies as “_____.”
Two reasons:
SLD are much more typical and much more frequent in the speech of PWS
Listeners show a strong inclination to perceive these disfluencies as “stuttering.”
Sound prolongations: ____tends to ____ with age in PWS
duration
increase
Physical Concomitants
Head jerks Head turns (side; down) Forehead tension Nostril flaring/constrict Eyes closed; squinting Eyes widely open Facial contortions Lips pressured Jaw closed tightly Teeth grinding Jaw wide open Sideways jaw movement Tongue protrusion Throat tightened Body swaying Hand/ arm movements Irregular exhalation (blowing) during speech Irregular inhalations (gasping) in the midst of speaking
Emotional Reactions Vary in Time Relative to the Stuttering Event
prior to stuttering:
during:
after:
fear, dread, anxiety, panic
blankness, being trapped, panic, frustration
shame, humiliation, anger, resentment
Phenomena of Advanced Stuttering
1.
2.
3.
4.
Adaptation
Consistency
Adjacency
Expectancy
adaptation
Stuttering _____ with each successive ____ of a passage
Other conditions of adaptation:
- _____ fluency with each successive ____ of a word or phrase
- talking or reading words that are always ___ (but far less adaptation)
declines, rereading
-increased
restating
-changing
adaptation
- Typically, ___% decline by the ___ reading
- Greatest reduction the ___ reading
- Both ______ decline
- Improvement is only ____
- Not all clients show the ___
Typically, 50% decline by the 5th reading Greatest reduction the 2nd reading Both frequency and severity decline Improvement is only temporary Not all clients show the effect
Other Phenomena
- Consistency – stuttering tends to occur on words ____
- Adjacency – if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words ______
- Expectancy – stuttering tends to occur on words _____
- Consistency – stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered
- Adjacency – if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words near those previously stuttered
- Expectancy – stuttering tends to occur on words the speaker predicts will be stuttered
Brown’s 4 Factors of Stuttering Loci
Adult stuttering events tend to occur on:
- words beginning with _____
- ___ words rather than ___ ones
- ___ words rather than ____
- ____ words rather than ____ words
Adult stuttering events tend to occur on:
- words beginning with consonants rather than vowels
- long words rather than short ones
- content words rather than function
- sentence-initial (early) words rather than later words
Conditions that Diminish Stuttering
~manner of talking \_\_\_ In \_\_\_ (e.g., to a metronome beat) In a \_\_\_ Imitating a \_\_\_ \_\_\_ Speaking \_\_\_
- Singing
- In rhythm (e.g., to a metronome beat)
- In a monotone
- Imitating a dialect
- Whispering
- Speaking slowly
Conditions that Diminish Stuttering
~Context of Talking To an \_\_\_ To an \_\_\_ In \_\_\_ With \_\_\_\_ With \_\_\_\_ With \_\_\_\_ stimuli
- To an animal
- To an infant
- In unison
- With DAF
- With masking noise
- With response contingent stimuli
