What is a theory?
A proposed __, ___, or ___ of a ___ or ____ phenomenon or set of phenomena.
A proposed explanation, framework, or model of a natural or social phenomenon or set of phenomena.
What is a model?
An ___ ___of the major parts of a ___ phenomenon or system.
Proposes a set of ____and the ___ among them.
They ….
An ideal prototype of the major parts of a complex phenomenon or system.
Proposes a set of variables and the relationships among them.
They help explain how a system works.
Ancient Stuttering Treatments(Limited Evidence of Improvement)
Talking with ___ in the mouth (Demosthenes, ancient Greece)
Surgical resections of the ___ (Germany, 1840s)
___ devices (U.S.; France, 1800’s)
Talking with pebbles in the mouth (Demosthenes, ancient Greece)
Surgical resections of the tongue (Germany, 1840s)
Prosthetic devices (U.S.; France, 1800’s)
Stuttering theories: The blind men and the elephant
Six blind men encountered an elephant for the first time. Each touched the elephant and arrived at a different ___ – like a wall, like a fan, like a spear, like a tree, like a snake, etc. Each was correct, but they needed to combine their knowledge to understand the elephant.
Six blind men encountered an elephant for the first time. Each touched the elephant and arrived at a different impression – like a wall, like a fan, like a spear, like a tree, like a snake, etc. Each was correct, but they needed to combine their knowledge to understand the elephant.
Types of Causal Factors
- ____ - sets up a vulnerability
- ____- triggers episodes or events
- ____- aggravates or maintains
bidirectional cause
Predisposing - sets up a vulnerability
Precipitating - triggers episodes or events
Perpetuating - aggravates or maintains
Other Factors
- Risk factors – ___ or ____aspects associated with a disorder; but they do not ___ it (e.g., male)
- Protective factors - biological or behavioral aspects associated with …., but they do not ____ it (e.g., female)
Risk factors – biological or behavioral aspects associated with a disorder; but they do not cause it (e.g., male)
Protective factors - biological or behavioral aspects associated with not having a disorder, but they do not cure it (e.g., female)
valid= exhaustive= elegant= parsimonious= exclusive= testable= predictive= consistent= flexible= explanatory=
- Valid=It fits the observed phenomena
- Exhaustive= It explains all associated phenomena
- Elegant=It is succinct
- Parsimonious=It uses the least ideas to explain the most facts
- Exclusive=It does not overlap with other explanations
- Testable=Its essence or parts can be proved or disproved
- Predictive=It makes predictions about future observations
- Consistent= Its components do not contradict each other
- Flexible=It can easily be adapted with new information
- Explanatory=It serves to explain, not merely describe
Testing Theories and Models
~Multiple ___ needed as a basis for evidence
~To establish a ___ relationship:
—Mere ___or __of variables is not sufficient.
—____ is needed. Repeatedly create and remove a condition to show that change occurs only with the variable being altered with that condition
~Multiple observations needed as a basis for evidence
~To establish a causal relationship:
—Mere correlation or association of variables is not sufficient.
—Manipulation is needed. Repeatedly create and remove a condition to show that change occurs only with the variable being altered with that condition
Challenges to Stuttering Research
- Difficult to observe its ___ - how can we catch the first time it appears?
- Characteristics change with ___ – is it the same disorder?
- ___t occurrence – why are stuttering events and their conditions so variable?
- ____ limitations – is it moral to create conditions that may induce stuttering?
- Difficult to observe its onset - how can we catch the first time it appears?
- Characteristics change with age – is it the same disorder?
- Inconsistent occurrence – why are stuttering events and their conditions so variable?
- Ethical limitations – is it moral to create conditions that may induce stuttering?
Stuttering is ___
variable!!!
