Chapter 4A

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. it can be intentional or unintentional and active or passive.

Question 2

behaviourist approach to learning

Answer 2

Behaviourist approach to learning is learning occurs through our interaction
with our environment. the tree main behaviourist approaches to learning are
- classical conditioning
- operant conditions
- observational learning

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov is a three phase, involuntary learning process that occurs through involuntary repeated association of two or more stimuli
In Pavlov’s experiment, dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) and eventually salivated (conditioned response) to the bell alone. This demonstrates how specific responses can be triggered through association.

Question 4

5 key elements in classical condition

Answer 4

• Neutral stimulus (NS): any stimulus that doesn’t stimulate a response.
  It is neutra to the
  unconditioned response (UCR). An example of an NS would be the bell sounds used by Pavlov.
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): any stimulus that constantly produces a particular naturally
  occurring, automatic response. An example of this is the food in Pavlov’s experiment.
• Unconditioned response (UCR): the response that occurs automatically when UCS is presented.
  It is a reflexive, involuntary response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the UCR was the dogs salivating in
  response to food.
• Conditioned stimulus (CS): the stimulus that was initially neutral, but eventually triggers a response
  similar to UCS. For example, the bell sounds became a CS after repeated association with the food.
• Conditioned response (CR): a learned response that is produced by CS. It occurs after repeated
  association between NS and UCS. For Pavlov’s dogs, the CR was salivating in response to the bell.

Question 5

three stages of classical conditioning

Answer 5

Before
We start with a stimulus that reflexively causes a response, plus another stimulus
that has no effect
During
Over time, we present the neutral stimulus immediately before the stimulus that
already works, which causes a response.
After
Once the learning is complete, the response occurs to the new, initially neutral, stimulus

Question 6

classical conditiong terms

Answer 6

Before
* Unconditioned stimulus (US) → Unconditioned response (UR)
* Neutral stimulus (NS) → no relevant response

During
* Neutral stimulus (NS) presented immediately before
* Unconditioned stimulus (US) → Unconditioned response (UR)

After
* Neutral stimulus now initiates a response. Becomes conditioned stimulus (CS)
* Conditioned stimulus (CS) → Conditioned response (CR)