Chapter 5

Question 1

Who were the Hessians?

Answer 1

German mercenaries hired by British

Question 2

How did Washington show excellent leadership in his battle against the Hessians?

Answer 2

• Chose a very unexpected time to ambush (Christmas Night)
• Caught the Hessians off guard
• Decisive victory and brought morale up

Question 3

Why was the Battle of Saratoga helpful for America?

Answer 3

• Convinced French to ally with the US
• Convinced Spain to help the French

Question 4

What did French and others supply America with?

Answer 4

• An entire navy
• Supplies

Question 5

Why was the Battle of Saratoga important for the war?

Answer 5

• Major turning point
• American army was able to surround and block British army

Question 6

Who was Marquis de Lafayette?

Answer 6

French aristocrat who fought in the American army and helped solidify the Franco-American Alliance

Question 7

What did British General Burgoyne plan for the battle of Saratoga?

Answer 7

• Control the Hudson River Valley
• Split the colonies into two
• Three pronged attack

Question 8

What was the Sullivan Expedition?

Answer 8

• Ordered by Washington in response to Brant’s raids
• Sullivan destroyed villages and food supply in the Iroquois
• Washington known as the “Destroyer of Villages” after this event

Question 9

How did the Iroquois act during the war?

Answer 9

• Joseph (Mohawk) and Mary Brant wanted to support British cause
• Only 3/6 of the Iroquois Confederacy agreed
• Led raids on frontier settlements

Question 10

What was the Battle of Yorktown?

Answer 10

• Final major battle
• British General Cornwallis retreated and got trapped by American and French forces
• Major aura loss for British and loss of support

Question 11

What was the Treaty of Paris?

Answer 11

Formally recognized US independence
Had British leave New York

Question 12

What were the main parts of the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 12

• Weak central government
• Unicameral Congress where each state had one vote
• 9/13 votes needed for any measure
• 13 to approve amendments

Question 13

What were some weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 13

• Couldn’t tax
• No national army
• No control over national economy
• Lacked foreign relations
• Only one branch
• Conflicts over fair representation

Question 14

What were some strengths of the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 14

• Declare war and peace
• Send and receive ambassadors
• Appoint military officers
• Coin money or borrow money
• Enter into treaties and alliances
• Received international recognition
• Forged diplomatic relations with foreign nations and could borrow money from them
• Established territorial governance under federal law

Question 15

What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?

Answer 15

• Failed rebellion by underpaid military officials
• Washington intervened by giving an emotional speech with his spectacles about their sacrifices

Question 16

How did districts work with the Northwest Ordinance?

Answer 16

• Each district was governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until population of 5000 adult free males reached
• Could become territory and form own representative legislatures

Question 17

How did territories work with the Northwest Ordinance?

Answer 17

• Territories could be admitted into states after having 60k people

Question 18

What did the Northwest Ordinance promise?

Answer 18

• Slavery was forever outlawed here, along with guaranteeing freedom of religion, trial by jury, etc
• Indians were promised better treatment and provided education

Question 19

What was Massachusetts’s state constitution like?

Answer 19

• Made by John Adams
• Bicameral legislature, strong governor, and property owners could vote
• Became model for the future Constitution

Question 20

What was Pennsylvania’s state constitution like? What weakness did it have?

Answer 20

• Liberal
• Inspired by Paine
• Created a unicameral legislature with no governor, and high democratic participation
• Led to instability w/o checks and balances

Question 21

How did African Americans participate in the revolution?

Answer 21

• Fought on both sides
• Thousands of free and enslaved joined Continental Army

Question 22

What was Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation?

Answer 22

Any slave would be given freedom if they served British lines