Chapter 5 Flashcards

Battle of Trenton to African Americans (22 cards)

1
Q

Who were the Hessians?

A

German mercenaries hired by British

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2
Q

How did Washington show excellent leadership in his battle against the Hessians?

A
  • Chose a very unexpected time to ambush (Christmas Night)
  • Caught the Hessians off guard
  • Decisive victory and brought morale up
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3
Q

Why was the Battle of Saratoga helpful for America?

A
  • Convinced French to ally with the US
  • Convinced Spain to help the French
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4
Q

What did French and others supply America with?

A
  • An entire navy
  • Supplies
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5
Q

Why was the Battle of Saratoga important for the war?

A
  • Major turning point
  • American army was able to surround and block British army
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6
Q

Who was Marquis de Lafayette?

A

French aristocrat who fought in the American army and helped solidify the Franco-American Alliance

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7
Q

What did British General Burgoyne plan for the battle of Saratoga?

A
  • Control the Hudson River Valley
  • Split the colonies into two
  • Three pronged attack
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8
Q

What was the Sullivan Expedition?

A
  • Ordered by Washington in response to Brant’s raids
  • Sullivan destroyed villages and food supply in the Iroquois
  • Washington known as the “Destroyer of Villages” after this event
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9
Q

How did the Iroquois act during the war?

A
  • Joseph (Mohawk) and Mary Brant wanted to support British cause
  • Only 3/6 of the Iroquois Confederacy agreed
  • Led raids on frontier settlements
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10
Q

What was the Battle of Yorktown?

A
  • Final major battle
  • British General Cornwallis retreated and got trapped by American and French forces
  • Major aura loss for British and loss of support
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11
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris?

A

Formally recognized US independence
Had British leave New York

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12
Q

What were the main parts of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • Weak central government
  • Unicameral Congress where each state had one vote
  • 9/13 votes needed for any measure
  • 13 to approve amendments
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13
Q

What were some weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • Couldn’t tax
  • No national army
  • No control over national economy
  • Lacked foreign relations
  • Only one branch
  • Conflicts over fair representation
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14
Q

What were some strengths of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • Declare war and peace
  • Send and receive ambassadors
  • Appoint military officers
  • Coin money or borrow money
  • Enter into treaties and alliances
  • Received international recognition
  • Forged diplomatic relations with foreign nations and could borrow money from them
  • Established territorial governance under federal law
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15
Q

What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?

A
  • Failed rebellion by underpaid military officials
  • Washington intervened by giving an emotional speech with his spectacles about their sacrifices
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16
Q

How did districts work with the Northwest Ordinance?

A
  • Each district was governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until population of 5000 adult free males reached
  • Could become territory and form own representative legislatures
17
Q

How did territories work with the Northwest Ordinance?

A
  • Territories could be admitted into states after having 60k people
18
Q

What did the Northwest Ordinance promise?

A
  • Slavery was forever outlawed here, along with guaranteeing freedom of religion, trial by jury, etc
  • Indians were promised better treatment and provided education
19
Q

What was Massachusetts’s state constitution like?

A
  • Made by John Adams
  • Bicameral legislature, strong governor, and property owners could vote
  • Became model for the future Constitution
20
Q

What was Pennsylvania’s state constitution like? What weakness did it have?

A
  • Liberal
  • Inspired by Paine
  • Created a unicameral legislature with no governor, and high democratic participation
  • Led to instability w/o checks and balances
21
Q

How did African Americans participate in the revolution?

A
  • Fought on both sides
  • Thousands of free and enslaved joined Continental Army
22
Q

What was Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation?

A

Any slave would be given freedom if they served British lines