chapter 5 Flashcards by M A

Thin skin contains how many layers of keratinocytes?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

Answer: B. 4
Explanation: The slides state thin skin has four layers; thick skin has five.

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Thick skin is found on the:
A. Eyelids
B. Abdomen
C. Palms and soles
D. Back

Answer: C. Palms and soles
Explanation: Thick skin covers palms of hands and soles of feet.

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The deepest epidermal layer is the:
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum lucidum
C. Stratum basale
D. Stratum granulosum

Answer: C. Stratum basale
Explanation: It is attached to the basement membrane and contains stem cells.

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Which layer is found ONLY in thick skin?
A. Stratum spinosum
B. Stratum lucidum
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum basale

Answer: B. Stratum lucidum
Explanation: The clear layer appears only in thick skin.

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Keratinization occurs mainly in the:
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum basale
C. Papillary layer
D. Hypodermis

Answer: A. Stratum corneum
Explanation: It forms protective layers of keratin-filled cells.

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Merkel (tactile) cells are found in the:
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum spinosum
C. Stratum basale
D. Reticular layer

Answer: C. Stratum basale
Explanation: They respond to touch and are located in the basal layer

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Langerhans (dendritic) cells are mainly in the:
A. Stratum spinosum
B. Stratum corneum
C. Dermis
D. Hypodermis

Answer: A. Stratum spinosum
Explanation: They function in immune defense.

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Insensible perspiration is:
A. Sweat from glands
B. Water diffusing through stratum corneum
C. Oil secretion
D. Blood loss

Answer: B. Water diffusing through stratum corneum
Explanation: About 500 mL daily evaporates this way.

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) does NOT:
A. Promote basal cell division
B. Stimulate keratin production
C. Destroy melanocytes
D. Stimulate epidermal repair

Answer: C. Destroy melanocytes
Explanation: EGF promotes growth and repair.

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The papillary layer is made of:
A. Dense irregular tissue
B. Areolar tissue
C. Adipose tissue
D. Cartilage

Answer: B. Areolar tissue
Explanation: It contains capillaries and sensory neurons.

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The reticular layer contains:
A. Only fat
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Smooth muscle only

Answer: B. Dense irregular connective tissue
Explanation: It has collagen and elastic fibers.

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Tension lines are produced by:
A. Sweat glands
B. Parallel collagen and elastic fibers
C. Fat distribution
D. Hair follicles

Answer: B. Parallel collagen and elastic fibers
Explanation: Cuts parallel heal better.

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The cutaneous plexus is located in the:
A. Papillary layer
B. Reticular layer
C. Epidermis
D. Nail bed

Answer: B. Reticular layer
Explanation: It is a deep arterial network.

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Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles detect:
A. Light touch
B. Deep pressure and vibration
C. Pain only
D. Temperature only

Answer: B. Deep pressure and vibration
Explanation: Located in reticular layer.

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The hypodermis is mainly:
A. Keratin
B. Areolar tissue
C. Adipose tissue
D. Muscle

Answer: C. Adipose tissue
Explanation: It stabilizes skin and stores fat.

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Melanin is produced by:
A. Keratinocytes
B. Merkel cells
C. Melanocytes
D. Fibroblasts

Answer: C. Melanocytes
Explanation: Located in stratum basale.

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Eumelanin provides:
A. No UV protection
B. Greater UV protection
C. Yellow pigment
D. Vitamin D

Answer: B. Greater UV protection
Explanation: Dark pigment protects against UV.

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Carotene can be converted into:
A. Melanin
B. Vitamin A
C. Keratin
D. Collagen

Answer: B. Vitamin A
Explanation: Needed for epithelial maintenance.

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Vitamin D₃ is produced in the:
A. Dermis
B. Hypodermis
C. Epidermis
D. Hair follicle

Answer: C. Epidermis
Explanation: UV light stimulates production.

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Rickets results from lack of:
A. Melanin
B. Collagen
C. Vitamin D₃
D. Keratin

Answer: C. Vitamin D₃
Explanation: Needed for calcium absorption.

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Hair production begins in the:
A. Hair shaft
B. Hair bulb
C. Cortex
D. Cuticle

Answer: B. Hair bulb
Explanation: Contains hair matrix and papilla

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The hair matrix:
A. Stores oil
B. Produces hair cells
C. Produces melanin only
D. Anchors nail

Answer: B. Produces hair cells
Explanation: Cells divide and push hair upward.

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Sebaceous glands secrete:
A. Sweat
B. Keratin
C. Sebum
D. Melanin

Answer: C. Sebum
Explanation: Lubricates hair and inhibits bacteria.

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Eccrine sweat glands primarily function in:
A. Odor production
B. Thermoregulation
C. Hair growth
D. Pigmentation

Answer: B. Thermoregulation
Explanation: Cool the body with watery sweat.

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Apocrine glands are located mainly in the: A. Palms B. Soles C. Armpits and pubic region D. Forehead

Answer: C. Armpits and pubic region Explanation: Produce thick secretions.

The lunula is the: A. Free edge B. Cuticle C. Pale crescent near root D. Nail bed

Answer: C. Pale crescent near root Explanation: Caused by obscured blood vessels.

During wound repair, granulation tissue forms in the: A. Inflammation phase B. Migration phase C. Proliferation phase D. Scarring phase

Answer: C. Proliferation phase Explanation: Fibroblasts produce collagen.

A third-degree burn: A. Affects epidermis only B. Is painful C. Destroys all skin layers D. Heals in 7 days

Answer: C. Destroys all skin layers Explanation: Nerves destroyed; often painless.

Basal cell carcinoma begins in the: A. Melanocytes B. Basal cells C. Squamous cells D. Dermis

Answer: B. Basal cells Explanation: Most common skin cancer.

The most deadly type of skin cancer is: A. Basal cell carcinoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Melanoma D. Keratinoma

Answer: C. Melanoma Explanation: Begins in melanocytes and can spread quickly.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? A) Protection of underlying tissues B) Excretion of salts and wastes C) Maintenance of body temperature D) Synthesis of vitamin C E) Sensation

Answer: D — Synthesis of vitamin C Why: The skin synthesizes vitamin D₃, not vitamin C.

The integumentary system consists of which two main components? A) Epidermis and dermis B) Cutaneous membrane and hypodermis C) Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures D) Integument and hypodermis

Answer: C — Cutaneous membrane and accessory structures Why: The slides state these are the two major parts.

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of the skin? A) Hair follicles B) Sebaceous glands C) Sweat glands D) Epidermis E) Nails

Answer: D — Epidermis Why: The epidermis is part of the cutaneous membrane, not an accessory structure.

The main cells that form the layers (strata) of the epidermis are: A) Adipocytes B) Keratinocytes C) Fibroblasts D) Melanocytes

Answer: B — Keratinocytes Why: Keratinocytes make up the epidermal layers and produce keratin.

The deepest layer of the epidermis where cell division occurs is the: A) Stratum corneum B) Stratum lucidum C) Stratum basale (germinativum) D) Stratum granulosum

C — Stratum basale Why: It contains stem cells that divide and replace keratinocytes.

The tough, outer “horny” layer of the epidermis is the: A) Stratum corneum B) Stratum lucidum C) Stratum spinosum D) Stratum basale

A — Stratum corneum Why: It is made of dead, keratinized cells and provides protection.

Water lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum is called: A) Sensible perspiration B) Insensible perspiration C) Active secretion D) Latent perspiration

B — Insensible perspiration Why: It diffuses through the skin without sweat glands

Which epidermal layer contains many desmosomes that make cells look “spiny”? A) Stratum basale B) Stratum spinosum C) Stratum corneum D) Stratum lucidum

Stratum spinosum Why: Desmosomes connect keratinocytes tightly in this layer.

The dermal layer closest to the surface that contains capillaries and sensory receptors is the: A) Reticular layer B) Papillary layer C) Hypodermis D) Epidermis

Answer: B — Papillary layer Why: It is made of areolar tissue and contains capillaries.

The dermal layer responsible for skin strength due to collagen and elastic fibers is the: A) Papillary layer B) Epidermis C) Reticular layer D) Hypodermis

Answer: C — Reticular layer Why: Dense irregular connective tissue gives strength.

Hair color differences are due to pigment produced by: A) Keratinocytes B) Melanocytes C) Fibroblasts D) Papilla cells

Answer: B — Melanocytes Why: They produce melanin in the hair matrix.

Glands that release oily sebum into hair follicles are: A) Apocrine glands B) Eccrine glands C) Sebaceous glands D) Ceruminous glands

C — Sebaceous glands Why: They secrete sebum to lubricate hair and skin.

Sweat glands in the armpit that become active at puberty are: A) Eccrine glands B) Apocrine glands C) Sebaceous glands D) Ceruminous glands

Answer: B — Apocrine glands Why: They are hormonally influenced and active at puberty.

14. Sensible perspiration (sweat you can feel) is produced by: A) Apocrine glands B) Sebaceous glands C) Eccrine (merocrine) glands D) Mammary glands

Answer: C — Eccrine glands Why: They produce watery sweat for cooling.

Rickets can be prevented by: A) Adequate sunlight B) Vitamin D₃ intake C) Both A and B D) Avoiding sunlight

C — Both A and B Why: UV light and dietary vitamin D₃ prevent deficiency.

Nail growth occurs in the: A) Nail body B) Nail bed C) Nail root D) Hyponychium

C — Nail root Why: Production occurs in the epidermal fold of the root.

During wound repair, basal cells first produce new: A) Collagen B) Elastic fibers C) Keratinocytes D) Scar tissue

: C — Keratinocytes Why: They migrate to repair the epidermis.

A normal aging change of the skin is: A) Increased vitamin D production B) Thickened epidermis C) Decreased gland activity D) Increased blood supply

C — Decreased gland activity Why: Aging reduces melanocyte and gland function.

The vitamin formed in the skin when exposed to UV light is: A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin D₃ D) Vitamin E

Answer: C — Vitamin D₃ Why: UV radiation stimulates cholecalciferol production.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) does which of the following? A) Promotes cell division B) Stimulates keratin production C) Speeds tissue repair D) All of the above

Answer: D — All of the above Why: EGF stimulates growth and repair.

Which type of burn destroys all skin layers and often requires grafting? A) First-degree B) Second-degree C) Third-degree (full-thickness) D) Superficial

Answer: C — Third-degree Why: All layers are destroyed; nerves may be damaged.

Wrinkles mainly occur because of loss of: A) Collagen in epidermis B) Elastic fibers in reticular layer C) Keratin D) Sweat glands

Answer: B — Elastic fibers in reticular layer Why: Aging reduces elastin, causing sagging.

Thin skin has ___ layers; thick skin has ___ layers. A) 3; 4 B) 4; 5 C) 5; 6 D) 2; 3

B — 4; 5 Why: Thin skin = 4 layers, thick skin = 5.

The three main types of skin cancer discussed are: A) Basal cell carcinoma B) Squamous cell carcinoma C) Melanoma D) All of the above

Answer: D — All of the above Why: These are the three major types listed.

The protein that allows skin to stretch and recoil is: A) Collagen B) Keratin C) Elastin D) Melanin

Answer: C — Elastin Why: Elastic fibers provide flexibility and recoil.

Water loss from insensible perspiration is: A) Negligible B) Too small to measure reliably C) Approximately 0.5 liter per day D) Always greater than sensible perspiration E) Dependent on apocrine glands

Answer: C — Approximately 0.5 liter per day Why: Insensible perspiration is constant water loss through the stratum corneum, averaging about 0.5 L daily.

Granulation tissue formed during wound repair is composed of: A) Clotted blood B) An extensive capillary network C) Fibroblasts D) All of the above E) None of the above

Answer: D — All of the above Why: Granulation tissue includes a blood clot, many capillaries, and fibroblasts to help rebuild tissue.

The pigment in keratinocytes that protects against harmful UV radiation is: A) Sebum B) Hemoglobin C) Melanin D) Carotene E) Keratin

Answer: C — Melanin Why: Melanin absorbs UV radiation and protects deeper tissues.

If a thorn penetrates the sole of the foot to the dermis, how many epidermal layers were pierced? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

Answer: E — 5 Why: The sole has thick skin, which contains all five epidermal layers.

If a physician can easily pull entire hair follicles out of a burned area, the patient most likely has a: A) First-degree burn B) Second-degree burn C) Third-degree burn D) Partial-thickness burn E) Epidermal burn

Answer: C — Third-degree burn Why: Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis, including hair follicles.

A physician treating a full-thickness (third-degree) burn would likely order all of the following EXCEPT: A) IV fluids and electrolytes B) Ice packs applied to the burn C) A high-calorie diet D) Skin grafts E) Antibiotics

Answer: B — Ice packs applied to the burn Why: Ice can worsen tissue damage; full-thickness burns require fluids, infection control, nutrition, and grafting.

The integumentary system does all of the following EXCEPT: A. Protection B. Vitamin D synthesis C. Blood cell production D. Temperature regulation

How many layers are present in thick skin? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Which epidermal layer is ONLY found in thick skin? A. Stratum granulosum B. Stratum lucidum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum spinosum

Which epidermal layer contains melanocytes and Merkel cells? A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum granulosum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum lucidum

Which layer contains the most structural cell types? A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum basale C. Stratum lucidum D. Stratum granulosum

Melanocytes produce melanin in response to: A. Cold exposure B. Bacterial infection C. UV radiation D. Sweat production

A melanosome is: A. A pigment cell B. An organelle that stores melanin C. A sweat gland D. A type of keratin

The purpose of tanning is to: A. Increase sweating B. Protect DNA from UV damage C. Improve circulation D. Thicken the dermis

How long does it typically take for tanning to begin after sun exposure? A. Immediately B. 2–3 days C. 1 week D. 2 weeks

UV radiation helps the skin produce: A. Melatonin B. Vitamin C C. Vitamin D3 D. Collagen

Which gland produces sebum? A. Eccrine B. Apocrine C. Sebaceous D. Ceruminous

Eccrine sweat glands are primarily responsible for: A. Body odor B. Milk production C. Thermoregulation D. Earwax secretion

The subcutaneous (SQ) layer is primarily made of: A. Keratin B. Adipose tissue C. Melanin D. Nerve fibers only

Meissner corpuscles detect: A. Deep pressure B. Pain C. Light touch D. Heat only

Pacinian corpuscles detect: A. Light touch B. Deep pressure and vibration C. Smell D. Cold only

Hair grows from the: A. Cuticle B. Cortex C. Matrix D. Medulla

The four phases of wound healing are: A. Burn, blister, scar, heal B. Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling C. Swelling, scab, peel, scar D. Cut, clot, heal, grow

A keloid is: A. A blister B. A burn C. Excess scar tissue D. A fungal infection

A first-degree burn affects: A. Epidermis only B. Dermis only C. Hypodermis only D. Muscle tissue

A third-degree burn affects: A. Epidermis only B. Epidermis and partial dermis C. Full thickness of skin D. Only hair follicles

Sepsis is: A. Skin peeling B. A systemic infection C. A mild rash D. A scar

An abrasion is: A. A clean surgical cut B. A deep puncture C. A superficial scrape D. A jagged tear

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is: A. Basal cell carcinoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Melanoma D. Keratosis

In the ABCDE rule of melanoma, “D” stands for: A. Depth B. Dark C. Diameter D. Dermis

The two main types of melanin are: A. Carotene and hemoglobin B. Eumelanin and pheomelanin C. Keratin and collagen D. Sebum and sweat

Fingers prune in water due to: A. Water absorption only B. Nervous system response C. Dehydration D. Keratin loss

chapter 5 Flashcards

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