A&P 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Langerhans Cells
  • Merkel Cells
  • Melanocytes
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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Composes more than 90% of epidermal cells

- Makes keratin

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3
Q

Keratin

A

-Gives skin its strength and flexibility

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4
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Immune cells

- Phagocytose foreign particle, and initiates an immune response if necessary

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

-Touch receptors

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Make melanin

- Protects us from UV rays

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7
Q

Epidermal Layers

A
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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8
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer
  • Mitotic layer
  • Melanocytes and Merkel cells found in this layer
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9
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Some mitosis

- Langerhans cells found in this layer

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10
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

-Keratinization occurs here

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11
Q

Keratinization

A

-Granules containing keratin begin to form

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12
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Only in thick skin

- Thin clear layer of dead keratinocytes between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum

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13
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Most superficial layer of the skin
  • 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
  • Protects from abrasion, outside environment, water loss
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14
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A
  • Papillary Layer

- Reticular Layer

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15
Q

Papillary Layer

A
  • Most superficial layer (20% total thickness)
  • Areolar tissue
  • Dermal Papillae (fingerprints)
  • Meissner Corpuscle (light touch receptor)
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16
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Deep layer (80% total Dermis thickness)

- Dense irregular

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17
Q

Cleavage Lines

A

-Natural separations in the dermis caused by bundling collagen fibers i the reticular layer

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18
Q

What determines our skin color?

A
  • Melanocytes

- Melanin

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A

-Make melanin

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20
Q

Melanin

A
  • The pigment that dictates our skin color, and protects us from UV radiation
  • Production is determined by genetics and UV exposure
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21
Q

Albino

A

-Lack the enzyme responsible for melanin production

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22
Q

Why is UV radiation bad?

A
  • Causes DNA damage (Leads to skin cancer)
  • Breaks down elastin (Leads to wrinkles)
  • Depresses the immune system (More susceptible to infection)
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23
Q

Other skin pigments

A
  • Carotene

- Hemoglobin

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24
Q

Carotene

A
  • Found in stratum corneum

- Yellowish pigment

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25
Hemoglobin
- Found in red blood cells | - Gives skin a pinkish color when it is oxygenated
26
Skin color changes
- Redness - Pallor (whitening of skin) - Cyanosis - Jaundice
27
Redness of the skin
- Dilation of superficial blood vessels | - Caused by blushing, drinking, fever, inflammation, allergy, high blood pressure
28
Pallor
- Whitening of the skin | - Caused by fear, anger, anemia, low blood pressure
29
Cyanosis
- Bluish tinged skin - Caused by lack of oxygen in skin - Could indicate abnormal heart or lung function
30
Jaundice
- Yellow tinged skin - Caused by bilirubin in the blood (breakdown product of RBC) - Could indicate liver function
31
Appendages of the skin
- Hair - Sweat glands - Oil glands
32
Hair
- Arrector pili-smooth muscle (contracts in response to chilled body surfaces or fear) - Germinal matrix - Papilla
33
Germinal matrix
- Epithelial cells undergoing mitosis | - Responsible for new hair growth
34
Papilla
- Dermal tissue | - Provides nourishment
35
Growth Cycle of Hair
- Active Growth Phase | - Resting Phase
36
Active Growth Phase
- Hair matrix cells undergo mitosis - Scalp: 6-10 Years - Eyebrows: 3-4 months
37
Resting Phase
- Hair matrix cells die, follicle shrivels | - Scalp: 2-3 months
38
What affects hair growth?
- Hormones - Nutrition - Smoking
39
Hormones
- Testosterone | - Estrogen (Increases growth period)
40
Nutrition
- Proteins, Vitamins, Omega-3 fatty acids promote hair growth - Soft drinks, processed foods, and sugar impedes hair growth
41
Hair Thinning
- After 40 folicular atrophy | - Hairs are shed faster than they are replaced
42
Male pattern baldness (MPB)
- Extremely shortened hair | - Inherited
43
Rogaine
Minoxidil
44
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Two types - Eccrine - Apocrine
45
Eccrine Gland
- Most numerous - Found all over the body - High expression on palms, soles of feet, forehead - Secrete sweat: - 99% water - NaCl, Antibodies, Urea, Uric Acid, Lactic Acid
46
Thermoregulation
- Eccrine glands are important for this | - Regulation of body temp
47
Evaporation
-Cooling process
48
Convection
-Increases evaporation by movement of air
49
Conduction
-Transfer of heat to substances in contact with the body
50
Apocrine (Sweat) Gland
-Found in axillary regions and anogenital areas -Larger than eccrine glands and found deeper in dermis or hypodermis -Secrete sweat into a hair follicle -Begins functions at puberty Activated by estrogen and testosterone
51
Difference between Apocrine glands and eccrine glands
- Apocrine sweat also contains fat and proteins | - Odorless
52
Sebacous Gland
``` -Found all over the body Except palms and soles -Usually attached to hair follicle -Secretes sebum (oil) -Softens/lubricates hair and skin -Bactericidal Properties ```
53
Whitehead
- Pore is clogged and sebum accumulates | - Pore clogged with sebum and dead skin cells
54
Blackhead
- Pore is clogged and sebum accumulates | - Sebum becomes oxidized
55
Infection
- Papules (Zits) | - Inflamed Acne
56
Papules (Zits)
-Bacteria grows, pores become irritated
57
Inflamed acne
-Irritation causes further inflammation and infection
58
Ceruminous Glands
- Located in the external ear canal | - Make earwax
59
Mammary Glands
-Secrete milk
60
Functions of the Integumentary
- Protection - Excretion - Thermoregulation - Sensation - Vitamin D Synthesis
61
Protection
``` -Biological Langerhans Cells -Physical Waterproofing glycolipids in the epidermis Melanin protects from UV layers -Chemical Acid Mantle (low pH) Sebum-Bactericidal ```
62
Excretion
- Water loss through sweat | - Waste (Urea, Uric Acid, Lactic acid) loss also through sweat
63
Thermoregulation
-Evaporation of sweat from the skin dissipates heat, cooling the body -Insensible perspiration (500mL/day) -Sensible perspiration Occurs when body temp rises. Up to 12L/day Prevents overheating
64
Sensation
- Meissner Corpuscle (light pressure) - Pacinian Corpuscle (Deep pressure) - Free Nerve Endings (pain, temperature)
65
Vitamin D Synthesis
- Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in intestines | - Increases bone mineralization
A&P 1
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