Chapter 5: Macromolecules

Question 1

Which major biological macromolecules are polymers?

Answer 1

Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids. Lipids are NOT.

Question 2

Condensation/Dehydration Reaction

Answer 2

Two monomers are bound as a hydrogen atom on one monomer and a hydroxide group from another break off and form H2O.

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

A water molecule breaks apart a polymer as one hydrogen atom binds to the end of one of the monomers, and a hydroxide group binds to the other.

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Answer 4

Sugars and their polymers; CHO; provide energy OR structure depending on the type of carb

Question 5

Aldose

Answer 5

Classification of sugars where Carbonyl (C=O) group is found at the end of the carbon skeleton

Question 6

Ketose

Answer 6

Classification of sugars where Carbonyl (C=O) group is found attached to the middle of the carbon skeleton

Question 7

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 7

The covalent bond between two monosaccharides (recall that every bond takes away two hydrogen and one oxygen from the polymer)

Question 8

Starch

Answer 8

Polysaccharide that stores ENERGY in PLANTS. All monomers are glucose, which bind into either Amylose (unbranched) or Amylopectin (branched). found in CHLOROPLASTS

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Polysaccharide that stores ENERGY in ANIMALS. Highly branched. Found in LIVER and MUSCLE CELLS.

Question 10

Cellulose

Answer 10

Polysaccharide that aids the STRUCTURE of plant cell walls.

Question 11

Chitin

Answer 11

Polysaccharide that aids in the STRUCTURE of arthropod exoskeletons.

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

Fats, phospholipids, steroids; hydrophobic and consist mostly of hydrocarbons (which are nonpolar); CHO

Question 13

Fats

Answer 13

Consist of glycerol backbone and fatty acids; also called triglyceride or triacylgylcerol; stores energy, provides protection and insulation

Question 14

Ester Linkage

Answer 14

The bond between the glycerol backbone and fatty acid in a lipid.

Question 15

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 15

Fatty acid where the carbon skeleton is bound to as many hydrogens as possible, has NO double bonds

Question 16

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

Fatty acid where there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton. Double bonds here cause kinks in the structure of the fatty acid.

Question 17

Saturated FAT

Answer 17

fat made from saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature; composes most animal fat.

Question 18

Unsaturated FAT

Answer 18

fat made from unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature (kinks in structure make cohesion difficult); composes most plant and fish fats.

Question 19

Phospholipid

Answer 19

Lipids where glycerol backbone is bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Phosphate group is hydrophilic, fatty acids are hydrophobic. Due to this, a phospholipid bilayer (where phosphates face outward toward the water on both sides) forms when phospholipids are in water.

Question 20

Steroid

Answer 20

Lipids with a carbon skeleton that consists of four fused rings. includes cholesterol and some hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

Macromolecules (polypeptides) made of amino acids that aid in an organism’s structure, as well as cellular transport, cellular communication, and immune defense.

Question 22

Enzyme

Answer 22

A protein that catalyzes a certain chemical reaction. any given type of enzyme will only catalyze one type of reaction, but they can be reused. usually ends in “-ASE”

Question 23

Amino Acid

Answer 23

formed by a carbon, a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an “r” group which changes depending on the amino acid. MONOMER OF POLYPEPTIDES

Question 24

Three categories of Amino Acids

Answer 24

Nonpolar, Polar, Electrically charged (pos/neg)

Question 25

Peptide bond

Answer 25

the link between two amino acids

Question 26

Which group starts and which ends a polypeptide?

Answer 26

Amino group starts it (N-terminus), Carboxyl group ends it (C-terminus)

Question 27

Primary protein structure

Answer 27

The literal order of amino acids

Question 28

Secondary protein structure

Answer 28

Are the amino acids in the shape of a helix (alpha) or a pleated sheet (beta)? this is determined from hydrogen bonds

Question 29

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 29

The manner in which the protein folds as different R groups bind to each other, via hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

Question 30

Quaternary Structure

Answer 30

The form of MORE THAN ONE polypeptide joining to form one macromolecule.

Question 31

What causes Sickle-Cell anemia?

Answer 31

just one amino acid in hemoglobin is swapped out for another. this is a change in primary structure.

Question 32

Denaturation (define, give causes)

Answer 32

The unraveling of a protein as caused by a change in pH, salinity, temperature, or other factors.

Question 33

Nucleic acid

Answer 33

A macromolecule (polynucleotides); formed of nucleotides. includes DNA, RNA.

Question 34

DNA

Answer 34

Deoxyribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that holds genetic code that directs the creation of mRNA. ATGC

Question 35

RNA

Answer 35

Ribonucleic acid; takes many different forms. AUGC

Question 36

Nucleotide

Answer 36

The monomer of a nucleic acid/polynucleotide. consists of a nitrogenous base (AUTGC), a pentose sugar (one with 5 carbons in the carbon skeleton), and a phosphate group.

Question 37

Pyrimidines

Answer 37

A type of nitrogenous base. Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil.

Question 38

Purines

Answer 38

A type of nitrogenous base. Adenine, Guanine.

Question 39

Trans protein

Answer 39

A protein that sticks out on both sides of a membrane

Question 40

Peripheral protein

Answer 40

A protein that binds to just one side of a membrane