FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Eukaryote

Answer 1

Has organelles w/ their own membranes
-larger than prokaryotes
-more complex than prokaryotes

Question 2

Atomic number

Answer 2

number of protons

Question 3

Atomic mass

Answer 3

number of protons + neutrons

Question 4

Valence Shell

Answer 4

Outermost e- shell of an atom

Question 5

Covalent Bond

Answer 5

Two atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons

Question 6

Electronegativity

Answer 6

An atom’s attraction for electrons in a covalent bond

Question 7

Cation

Answer 7

Loses an electron, gains positive charge

Question 8

Anion

Answer 8

Gains an electron, becomes negatively charged

Question 9

Functional Groups

Answer 9

study them lol i have a flashcard deck for this its under chapter 4

Question 10

Condensation reaction

Answer 10

Also called dehydration reaction, water is formed as two monomers or polymers join into a larger polymer

Question 11

Hydrolysis

Answer 11

A water molecule breaks apart a polymer into two smaller pieces

Question 12

Flow of genetic information (how does it get to become the product?

Answer 12

DNA transcribed into RNA translated into Protein

Question 13

Passive transport

Answer 13

Diffusion: across a membrane, happens on its own
Facilitated diffusion: Channel or Carrier proteins move substance across a membrane

Both are spontaneous, non-energy-consuming reactions

Question 14

Integrated protein

Answer 14

Proteins embedded in a membrane.
Called “transmembrane” if they emerge on both sides of the membrane

Question 15

Hypertonic solution

Answer 15

Higher solute concentration: draws water

Question 16

Hypotonic solution

Answer 16

Higher solvent concentration: loses water

Question 17

Exergonic

Answer 17

Energy is released

Question 18

Endergonic

Answer 18

Absorbs energy: energy is needed

Question 19

𐤃G

Answer 19

Change in energy. (exergonic will be negative, endergonic will be positive.)

Enzymes do NOT change this.

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

Step one of cellular respiration
1 Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate
Glucose is “oxidizes”, electrons are taken by NAD+
takes place in the cytoplasm

Question 21

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 21

KREBS
occurs in mitochondria
pyruvates (entering KREBS as acetyl-CoA) are broken down into 6H2O & 6CO2

Question 22

Oxidation

Answer 22

Electrons are removed

Question 23

Reduction

Answer 23

Electrons are added

Question 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 24

electron transfer pathway along membrane generates energy for ATP

Question 25

Photosynthesis

Answer 25

Light Reactions (provide power for the) Calvin Cycle

Question 26

What direction are DNA and RNA built in?

Answer 26

5' to 3' (if extending a chain, starts from 3' end of existing chain)

Question 27

How many codons?

Answer 27

64 total 61 code for amino acids 3 code for STOP 1 codes for START

Question 28

Mutation types

Answer 28

Silent: base substitution with no phenotype change Missense: base substitution with altered protein Nonsense: base substitution leading to STOP codon Frameshift: an amino acid is either added or removed...only impacts the gene/protein in which it occurs, will not mess with the rest of the genome.

Question 29

Repressible operon

Answer 29

Operon is normally "on", a co-repressor binds to the repressor to turn the operon off.

Question 30

Inducible Operon

Answer 30

Operon is normally "off", an inducer binds to the repressor to turn the operon on.

Question 31

Histone acetylation

Answer 31

puts acetyl "caps" on the lysines of histones, deactivating them, preventing gene packing.

Question 32

p53

Question 33

ras

Answer 33

G-protein that influences transcription of cell growth/division factors. Mutation can lead to hyperactivity, which leads to cancer. Proto-oncogene.

Question 34

Meiosis

Answer 34

Diploid 46 -> haploid 46 -> haploid 23