Chapter 5, Pt.2

Question 1

What is an altered state of consciousness?

Answer 1

An experience that departs from normal awareness of the world and mind.

Question 2

What changes can occur during altered states?

Answer 2

Changes in thinking, time perception, emotions, self-image, control, and sensory distortions.

Question 3

What is a sleep cycle?

Answer 3

The sequence of sleep stages that occur during one night.

Question 4

What is the circadian rhythm?

Answer 4

The body’s natural 24-hour cycle regulating sleep and wakefulness.

Question 5

What does an EEG measure?

Answer 5

Electrical activity of the brain via electrodes.

Question 6

What does an EOG measure?

Answer 6

Eye movements during sleep.

Question 7

What is polysomnography?

Answer 7

A “sleep study” that records brain waves, oxygen, heart rate, breathing, and movement.

Question 8

How many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 8

Five — stages 1–4 (non-REM) and REM sleep.

Question 9

What characterizes REM sleep?

Answer 9

Rapid eye movement, high brain activity, increased heart rate, muscle paralysis, and dreaming.

Question 10

What characterizes non-REM sleep?

Answer 10

Slower brain waves, regular heart rate, steady breathing, and active muscles.

Question 11

What is the sequence of stages during one night?

Answer 11

NREM 1 → NREM 2 → NREM 3/4 → NREM 2 → REM (repeats).

Question 12

Why is sleep necessary?

Answer 12

It restores the body and mind and is vital for memory consolidation.

Question 13

What happens without sleep?

Answer 13

Severe deprivation can be fatal.

Question 14

What is the glymphatic system’s role?

Answer 14

Clears brain waste and distributes nutrients, mainly during sleep.

Question 15

What is sleep hygiene?

Answer 15

Behaviours and environment that promote healthy sleep.

Question 16

Name three good sleep hygiene habits.

Answer 16

Keep a consistent schedule, avoid caffeine late at night, and minimize electronics before bed.

Question 17

How can you optimize the sleep environment?

Answer 17

Comfortable bed, dark and quiet room, ideal temperature.

Question 18

What is insomnia?

Answer 18

Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Question 19

What are the three types of insomnia?

Answer 19

Initial (falling asleep), middle (staying asleep), late (waking early).

Question 20

What is paradoxical insomnia?

Answer 20

Misperceiving being awake as being asleep.

Question 21

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 21

Interrupted breathing during sleep.

Question 22

Differentiate obstructive and central sleep apnea.

Answer 22

Obstructive = airway blockage; Central = brain fails to signal breathing muscles.

Question 23

What is somnambulism?

Answer 23

Sleepwalking — occurs during deep non-REM sleep early in the night.

Question 24

How long can sleepwalking last?

Answer 24

1–30 minutes.

Question 25

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 25

Sudden sleep attacks during wakefulness.

Question 26

What is cataplexy?

Answer 26

Sudden muscle weakness during strong emotion, often with narcolepsy.

Question 27

What are sleep terrors (night terrors)?

Answer 27

Sudden awakenings with panic and fear, common in children aged 4–12.

Question 27

What is sleep paralysis?

Answer 27

Waking up unable to move; often with hallucinations or pressure sensations.

Question 28

Which sleep disorder is most common?

Answer 28

Insomnia

Question 29

What is dream consciousness?

Answer 29

Awareness during dreams that differs from wakefulness.

Question 30

What are common characteristics of dream consciousness?

Answer 30

Intense emotions, illogical thoughts, vivid sensations, uncritical acceptance, poor recall.

Question 31

What is “day residue”?

Answer 31

Daily events or thoughts incorporated into dreams.

Question 32

What are nightmares?

Answer 32

Frightening dreams causing fear or distress.

Question 33

What did Freud believe about dreams?

Answer 33

Dreams represent disguised wishes or desires.

Question 34

What is manifest content?

Answer 34

The surface story or literal content of a dream.

Question 35

What is latent content?

Answer 35

The hidden, symbolic meaning behind the dream.

Question 36

What is the activation-synthesis model?

Answer 36

Dreams result from the brain trying to make sense of random neural activity.

Question 37

What is the memory consolidation theory?

Answer 37

Dreams help process and store memories from the day.

Question 38

What is the threat simulation theory?

Answer 38

Dreams allow practice for responding to dangers.

Question 39

What do fMRI studies show about dreaming?

Answer 39

Brain activity during REM sleep aligns with dream imagery and emotion

Question 40

How do blind people dream?

Answer 40

Fewer visuals but more auditory and tactile sensations.

Question 41

What are psychoactive drugs?

Answer 41

Chemicals that alter mood, perception, and consciousness.

Question 42

What are agonists and antagonists?

Answer 42

Agonists increase neurotransmitter activity; antagonists decrease it.

Question 43

How does addiction develop?

Answer 43

People first seek positive effects, then continue to avoid withdrawal.

Question 44

What is drug tolerance?

Answer 44

Needing larger doses for the same effect.

Question 45

What is physical dependence?

Answer 45

Withdrawal symptoms like pain or convulsions when stopping a drug.

Question 46

What is psychological dependence?

Answer 46

Emotional craving without physical symptoms.

Question 47

What factors affect addiction risk?

Answer 47

Genetics, neurobiology, and social environment.

Question 48

What are the four main drug categories?

Answer 48

Depressants, stimulants, narcotics, and hallucinogens.

Question 49

What do depressants do?

Answer 49

Slow the nervous system; induce calm or sleep.

Question 50

Give examples of depressants.

Answer 50

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, toxic inhalants.

Question 51

What neurotransmitter does alcohol enhance?

Answer 51

GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter).

Question 52

What are alcohol’s short-term effects?

Answer 52

Euphoria, reduced anxiety, poor judgement, slowed reactions.

Question 53

What theories explain alcohol’s effects?

Answer 53

Expectancy theory: Expectations influence behaviour. Balanced placebo design: Belief of drinking affects response. Alcohol myopia: Narrow focus and impaired judgement.

Question 54

What do stimulants do?

Answer 54

Increase CNS activity, alertness, and mood.

Question 55

Examples of stimulants?

Answer 55

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy.

Question 56

What neurotransmitters do stimulants increase?

Answer 56

Dopamine and norepinephrine.

Question 57

What are withdrawal symptoms of stimulants?

Answer 57

Fatigue and negative mood.

Question 58

What are narcotics?

Answer 58

Pain-relieving drugs derived from opium.

Question 59

Examples of narcotics?

Answer 59

Heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine.

Question 60

How do narcotics affect the body?

Answer 60

Create euphoria, relaxation, and drowsiness but can suppress breathing

Question 61

What natural brain chemicals are similar to opiates?

Answer 61

Endorphins

Question 62

What do hallucinogens do?

Answer 62

Distort perception and cause hallucinations.

Question 63

Examples of hallucinogens?

Answer 63

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, ketamine.

Question 64

Do hallucinogens cause dependence?

Answer 64

Rarely; they do not cause strong tolerance or withdrawal.

Question 65

What is cannabis?

Answer 65

The hemp plant’s leaves and buds containing THC and CBD.

Question 66

What does THC do?

Answer 66

Mimics anandamide; causes euphoria, altered perception, and relaxation.

Question 67

What functions is anandamide involved in?

Answer 67

Mood, memory, appetite, and pain.

Question 68

What are the risks of marijuana?

Answer 68

Impaired memory, judgement, and coordination.

Question 69

What is the addiction potential of marijuana?

Answer 69

Low, though heavy use can be harmful.

Question 70

What is hypnosis?

Answer 70

A social interaction where a hypnotist makes suggestions that alter a participant’s perceptions or behaviour.

Question 71

What determines hypnotic response?

Answer 71

The person’s level of susceptibility.

Question 72

What are hypnotic effects?

Answer 72

Sense of involuntary action, changes in perception, and pain relief.

Question 73

What is posthypnotic amnesia?

Answer 73

Inability to recall events after hypnosis due to suggestion.

Question 74

What is hypnotic analgesia?

Answer 74

Pain reduction using hypnosis.

Question 75

Are hypnosis claims always reliable?

Answer 75

No — claims of supernatural or enhanced memory are overstated.

Question 76

What do PET scans show about hypnosis?

Answer 76

Hypnotic hallucinations activate the brain similarly to real perception.