Nurs Fall 2025 > Chapter 59, 60 > Flashcards

Chapter 59, 60 Flashcards

(34 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two typed of hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis
- Viral hepatitis
- Autoimmune hepatitis

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2
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Pathophysiology
- Inflammation of liver cells
- Most commonly caused by a virus

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3
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hepatitis?

A

Clinical manifestations
- Abd pain, irritability, purities, malaise, fever, N/V, Jaundice, Abn labs

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4
Q

What are 3 medications that increase the risk of hepatitis?

A

SOME MEDICATIONS INCREASE RISK INCLUDING
- STATINS
- Tylenol
- Methotrexate
- Page 1454

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5
Q

What is hepatitis A and how is it most commonly spread?

A
  • A primarily spread through oral route
    ○ Most common
    ○ Acute infection
    ○ Spread through food too
    ○ Symptoms usually mild and some are asymptomatic
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6
Q

What is hepatitis b and how is it most commonly spread?

A
  • B- spread by blood and body fluids or secretions
    - THERE IS A VACCINE
    - Multi step vaccine
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7
Q

What is hepatitis C and how is it most commonly spread?

A
  • C- spread by blood or body fluids and during childbirth
    - No vaccine exists yet
    - Usually these people need a liver transplant
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8
Q

How is nonviral hepatitis spread?

A

Nonviral
- Ingested, inhaled or injected toxins or medications

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9
Q

What 4 labs help diagnose hepatitis?

A

§ Lab and diagnostic testing
□ AST and ALT: Elevations that are associated with the liver not necessarily the cause
□ Bilirubin: We look at the colour of their skin (USUALLY YELLOW)
® Lack of can make urine dark and fecal matter clay coloured
□ Ammonia: brain dysfunction,
□ Serum albumin: helps with wound healing

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10
Q

What vitamins does the liver store?

A

§ Liver stores K, A, D, E vitamins

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11
Q

What is cirrhosis and is it reversable?

A
  • Pathophysiology
    ○ Cell destruction and fibrosis/scarring of hepatic tissue
    ○ Portal hypertension when blood flow is restricted because cells are compressed due to surrounding vessels being compressed
    ○ Esophageal varices
    ○ Hepatic encephalopathy
    ○ Causes liver reconstruction
    ○ GI bleeding
    ○ Blood in vomit
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12
Q

What are 5 risk factors for cirrhosis?

A
  • Risk factors
    ○ Viruses - hepatitis, A, B, or C
    ○ Alcohol
    ○ Biliary disease
    ○ Accumulation of fat in liver cells
    ○ Genetic and autoimmune disease
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13
Q

What are clinical manifestations of cirrhosis?

A
  • Clinical manifestations
    ○ Shortness of breath
    ○ Jaundice
    ○ Increased abdominal girth
    ○ Abdominal pain and bloating
    ○ Enlarged spleen
    ○ Elevated liver enzymes
    ○ Increased risk of bleeding
    ○ Thrombocytopenia
    ○ Prolonged PT
    ○ Hemorrhoids
    ○ Elevated serum ammonia levels
    ○ Changes in level of consciousness
    ○ Changes in motor function
    ○ Hyponatremia
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14
Q

What is paracentesis?

A

Paracentesis
- Invasive procedure done to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity to ease patient symptoms and collect samples for lab analysis

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15
Q

What are Complications of cirrhosis?

A
  • Complications
    ○ Ascites, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, hypertension, coagulopathy, hyponatremia, peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome
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16
Q

When should protein intake be restricted?

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A
  • Management
    ○ Lab and diagnostic
    ○ Diet sodium restriction
    ○ Medications
    ○ Respiratory assessment
    ○ Vitals
    ○ Swelling
    ○ Skin
    ○ Mental status
    ○ I and O, daily weight
    ○ RESTRICT PROTEIN INTAKE BECAUSE OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
    § Raise the head of the bed
    ○ Do not take Tylenol with this.
    ○ Minimize bleeding risks
17
Q

What are the 4 stages of hepatic encephalopathy?

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A

○ Stages
§ 1-4
1. Mild, little confused
4. No sense of pain at all, seizures,
§ Changes in motor function, LOC, restlessness, confusion, seizures, coma

18
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

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A

○ Accumulation of ammonia and toxins in the blood
§ Normally detoxified by the liver
§ Lead to altered neurological status
§ LACTOLOSE: makes them poo to get rid of ammonia

19
Q

What is liver cancer caused by ?

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A
  • Pathophysiology
    ○ Chronic infection, alcohol consumption, long term inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis
    ○ Autoimmune disorders
20
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of liver cancer?

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A
  • Clinical manifestations
    ○ Asymptomatic until liver dysfunction
    ○ Abnormal pain
    ○ Weight loss, anorexia
    ○ Weakness, fatigue
    ○ Jaundice, ascites
21
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Liver trauma?

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A
  • Clinical manifestations
    ○ Blood loss and hypotension
    ○ Shock: hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, change in LOC, pallor, cool skin
22
Q

What 2 things cause cholecystitis?

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A
  • Pathophysiology
    ○ Gallstones
    ○ Biliary stasis
23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of cholecystitis?

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A
  • Clinical manifestations
    ○ RUQ colicky, radiating pain
    ○ Rebound tenderness or guarding
    ○ Fever
    ○ Tachycardia
    ○ 4 F’s of the gallbladder
    § Fair
    § Forty
    § Fertile
    § Female
    § Fat
24
Q

What are the 5 F’s of gallbladder disease?

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A

○ 4 F’s of the gallbladder
§ Fair
§ Forty
§ Fertile
§ Female
§ Fat

25
What usually causes Acute pancreatitis?
- Epidemiology ○ Alcohol consumption accounts for 1/3 of cases
26
What is acute pancreatitis?
- Pathophysiology ○ Inflammation of the pancreas § Release of pancreatic enzymes that Auto digest the pancreas ○ It is reversible
27
What are clinical manifestations of Acute pancreatitis?
- Clinical manifestations ○ LUQ epigastric pain § Deep and sharp § More intense when eating fatty foods ○ Sudden onset pain ○ Goes to shoulder blades
28
What labs are taken for those with acute pancreatitis?
○ Labs: CBC, CMP, pancreatic enzymes § Amylase and lipase elevated § Insulin increases
29
What is chronic pancreatitis and what causes it?
- Epidemiology ○ Prolonged alcohol use - Pathophysiology ○ Inflammation of pancreas ○ Scarring occurs resulting in enzyme imbalances
30
What are clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis?
- Clinical manifestations ○ Upper abdominal pain that spreads to the back ○ Pain worse after eating/drinking ○ Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea ○ Weight loss ○ Pale or clay colored stools, steatorrhea
31
What labs should be evaluated with Chronic pancreatitis?
○ Amylase, lipase usually elevated
32
What is the prognosis for those with pancreatic cancer?
- Epidemiology ○ 5 year survival <9% ○ No reliable screening for early detection
33
What happens in pancreatic cancer?
- Pathophysiology ○ Rapid growth causes deterioration of exocrine and endocrine function
34
What are clinical manifestations of pancreatic cancer?
- Clinical manifestations ○ Pain ○ Jaundice ○ Fatigue ○ Weight loss
Nurs Fall 2025
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