TAS > Chapter 6-10 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-10 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

VSD Shunt direction

A

Left to right

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2
Q

Eisenmenger

A

Can develop from large VSD over time
Heart failure
Bidirectional shunt

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3
Q

Large VSD Murmur

A

Soft pansystolic LSE
Loud second heart sound (Raised pulmonary arterial pressure)
Laterally displaced apex

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4
Q

Small VSD Murmur

A

Loud and harsh
Pansystolic
LLSE

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5
Q

Large VSD ECG

A

Left and Right ventricular hypertrophy
Dominant R wave in V1 + RAD (RVH)
Dominant R wave in V4/5/6 (LVH)
Pulmonary HTN (tall p wave)

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6
Q

First heart sound

A

Closure of atrioventricular valves
Mitral and tricuspid

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7
Q

2nd Heart sound

A

Aortic first
Pulmonary second

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8
Q

ASD murmur

A

Left to Right shunt

Wide, fixed splitting of S2
LUSE

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9
Q

PDA murmur

A

Continuous machinery murmur

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10
Q

Normal ECG Axis

A

-30 to 90

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11
Q

Right axis

A

> 90

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12
Q

Left axis

A

-30 to -90

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13
Q

Extreme axis

A

-90 to -150

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14
Q

Long QT syndromes

A

LQT1
LQT2
LQT3

Prolonged QTc
Each has different genetic mutation for component of cardiac myocyte ion channels

Late ventricular repolarisation

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15
Q

Duration of smallest square

A

0.04ms

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16
Q

QTc upper limit

A

480ms

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17
Q

Ventricular repolarisation ions

A

Outward flow or potassium
Inward flow of sodium + calcium

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18
Q

Delayed potassium extrusion in myocyte

A

Prolonged QT interval

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19
Q

Speeding up of sodium or calcium influx

A

Prolonged QT interval

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20
Q

LQT1

A

KCNQ1 defect
Jervell and Lange-Nielson
Most common channelopathy
Vigorous exercise

Slow potassium ion channels
Also linked with congenital deafness (K+ channels in ear)

Twave = broad based and prominent

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21
Q

LQT2

A

KCNH2
Slows potassium ion channels
Emotional stress/ startle

Low amplitude T waves (can be notched)

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22
Q

LQT3

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A

SCN5A
Romano Ward
Cardiac sodium ion channels, sped up.
Sleep or rest

Late onset, peaked T wave

23
Q

GDM Effects on fetus

Study These Flashcards
A

Foetal hyperglycaemia
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperplasia of pancreatic islet B cells

Increased foetal growth (excluding brain)

24
Q

GDM Baby Cardiac

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A

Cardiomegaly
Asymmetry of ventricular septum

25
Long term effects of GDM
Jaundice Surfactant def Polycythaemia ADHD Obesity and T2DM
26
Congenital Rubella
First trimester Eyes - Ears - Heart Cataracts Retinopathy Iris hypoplasia Deafness Cardiac (PDA) Pulmonary artery stenosis Microcephaly Speech delay
27
Congenital Varicella
Risk: First half + prior to delivery 1. Severe skin scarring Digital dysplasia Ocular/ neuro damage 2. High mortality
28
Congenital CMV
Most common Sensorineural hearing loss Petechiae Jaundice Microcephaly Chorioretinitis Periventricular intracranial calcifications
29
Toxoplasmosis
Cat piss/shit Protozoan parasite Hydrocephalus Chorioretinitis Scattered intracranial calcifications
30
Duct dependent pulmonary blood flow
Critical pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary atresia Tricuspid atresia with pulmonary stenosis
31
Duct dependent systemic blood flow
COA Hypoplastic Left Heart Interrupted aortic arch
32
Prostaglandin E1 and E2
vasodilators Maintain duct patency Hypotension Bradycardia Apnoea (12%)
33
Function of Skin Barrier to...
Pathogens Chemicals Temperature Prevents dehydration Ionising radiation Immunological, endocrine, gas exchange, triglyceride stone, Vit D synthesis
34
Macro Layers of the skin (outside-in)
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
35
Bond between specialised cell and basement membrane
Hemi-desmosome
36
Bond between surrounding cells
Desmosome Transmembrane proteins attached to cytoskeleton, links between cells
37
Skin component destroyed by staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome
Desmosomes Nikolsky's Sign (skin rubs off)
38
Hygroscopic to retain water content of skin
Filaggrin
39
Main constituent of cytoskeleton in stratum corneum
Keratin
40
Layers of epidermis (Superficial to deep)
Come Lets Get Sun Burned Corneum Lucidum (palms and soles) Granulosum Spinosum Basale
41
Which layer does terminal differentiation occur?
Stratum granulosum
42
Anti-bacterial/ anti staphylococcal effect...
Degradation of Filaggrin causes low skin pH.
43
Eczema + Icthyoses involve which skin component
Filaggrin
44
Icthyoses Vulgaris
Loss of function mutations in filaggrin gene Increased incidence of atopic eczema
45
Eczema Herpeticum
More likely in patients with fillagren defects
46
Tacrolimus
Calcineurin inhibitor
47
Bullous Impetigo
Vesicles Staph Aureus Very local Toxin mediated Abx
48
SSSS
Macular erythema, sandpaper rash systemic features Stratum Granulosum Epidermolytic toxin Separation of superficial epidermis Abx
49
Pemphigus Foliaceus + Vulgaris
Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 1 + 3 protein Foliaceus: Superficial fragile blisters (1) Vulgaris: blistering at Stratum spinosum (3) Immune suppression
50
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Generalised blisters Stratum Basale Autosomal dominant Intraepidermal skin separation in basal/ spinous layer
51
Toxic Epidermal necrolysis
Widespread erythema exfoliation, bullae & mucosal involvement Sepsis ... Death Infection, medication, malignancy Apoptotic keratinocyte death with bullae formation Dermoepidermal junction
52
Cause of scarring
Damage to Dermin Epidermis damage will blister but not scar
53
Dermis
Fibro elastic tissue Vascular Sensory receptors
54
Staphylococcoal skin infections
Caused by exfoliative toxin release Toxin A = local = Bullous impetigo Toxin B = circulates = SSSS Act on desmoglein 1
TAS
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