Chapter 6

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

the incorporation of new information into exisiting schemas

Question 2

Accommadation

Answer 2

the modification of exisiting achemas based on new experiences

Question 3

Equilibriation

Answer 3

the process by which children reorganize their schemas and in the process move to the next developmental stage

Question 4

Schemas

Answer 4

active, continually changing and developing mental structures that drives cognitive development

Question 5

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 5

1st stage of cog dev 0-2yrs, infants progress from respomding reflexively to using symbols

Question 6

Object Permanence

Answer 6

objects exist independently of oneself

Question 7

Preoperational Stage

Answer 7

2 cog dev stage, 2-7yrs, children first use symbols to represent objects and events

Question 8

Egocentrisim

Answer 8

difficulty seeing the world from anothers POV, typical of preoperational stage

Question 9

Animisim

Answer 9

preschool children attribute life and lifelike properties to inanimate objects

Question 10

Centration

Answer 10

Narrowly focused thinking characteristic of preoperational stage

Question 11

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 11

3rd stage of cog dev, 7-11yrs, children first use mental operations to solve problems and to reason

Question 12

Mental Operations

Answer 12

cogntive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

Question 13

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 13

4th stage of cog dev 11-adult, children can apply mental operations to abstract entities, allowing them to think hypothetically and reason deductively

Question 14

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 14

drawing conclusions from facts, characterisitc of formal operational thought

Question 15

Constructivisim

Answer 15

view that children are active participants in their own development who systematically construct sophisicated understandings of their worlds

Question 16

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 16

view that childrens cog dev is is brought about by social interaction and is inseparable from the sociocultural contexts in which they live

Question 17

Intersubjectivity

Answer 17

Vygotsky: mutual shared understanding among ppl who are participating in an activity together

Question 18

Guided Participation

Answer 18

Vygotsky: structured interactions between a child and another more knowledgeable person to promote cognitive growth

Question 19

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 19

the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

Question 20

Scaffolding

Answer 20

teaching style in which adults adjust the amount of assitamce that they offer based on the learners needs

Question 21

Private Speech

Answer 21

ongoing commentary that children use that is not intended fro others but to help children regulate their own behaviour

Question 22

Inner Speech

Answer 22

Vygotskys term for thought

Question 23

Information Processing Theory

Answer 23

a view that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software

Question 24

Sensory Memory

Answer 24

type of memory in which information is held in raw, unanalyzed from very breifly

Question 25

Working Memory

Answer 25

type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored breifly

Question 26

Long-Term Memory

Answer 26

a permanent storage that has unlimited capacity for memories

Question 27

Central Executive

Answer 27

component of the IP system, coordinates the activites of the system

Question 28

Executive Functioning

Answer 28

mechanisim of growth that includes inhibitory processes, planning, and cognitive flexibility

Question 29

Automatic Processes

Answer 29

cognitive activities that require almost no effort

Question 30

Connectionist Theories

Answer 30

IP theories that view the mind as a system of networks of processors

Question 31

Core Knowledge Theories

Answer 31

view that infants are born w/rudimentary knowledge of the world that is elborated upon based on their experiences

Question 32

Teleological Explanation

Answer 32

One of Childrens Naive Theories: living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

Question 33

Essentialisim

Answer 33

the belief that all living things have an underlying essence that cant be seen but gives it identity

Question 34

Folk Psychology

Answer 34

informational beliefs about other ppl and their behaviour

Question 35

Theory of Mind

Answer 35

an intuitive understanding of the connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behaviour, develops rapidly in the preschool years

Question 36

A-not-B Error

Answer 36

infants see an object hidden under one container several times then see it hidden under a second container, they usually look for the toy under the first container

Question 37

Simple Reflexes

Answer 37

1st stage of sensorimotor development: the various reflexes that determine the infants interactions w/the world are at the center of its cognitive life

Question 38

First Habits& Primary Circular Reactions

Answer 38

2nd stage of sensorimotor development: infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single integrated activities

Question 39

Secondary Circular Reactions

Answer 39

3rd stage of sensorimotor development: infants shift their cognitive horizons beyond themselves and begin to act on the outside world

Question 40

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

Answer 40

4th stage of sensorimotor development: infants begin to use more calculated approaches to producing events, coordinating several schemas to generate a single act, achieving object permanence

Question 41

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Answer 41

5th stage of sensorimotor development: infants develop a deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences, rather than just repeating enjoyable activities, infants appear to carry out mini experiments to observe consequences

Question 42

Beginnings of Thought

Answer 42

6th stage of sensorimotor development: capacity for mental representation and symbolic thought, only at this stage can infants imagine where objects that they cannot see might be