AP Psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning is commonly defined as a LONG LASTING .. in .. resulting from ..

A
  • CHANGE
  • BEHAVIOR
  • EXPERIENCE
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2
Q

Around the turn of the 20th century, a Russian PHYSIOLOGIST name .. .. inadvertently discovered a kind of .. while studying .. in ..

A
  • IVAN PAVLOV
  • LEARNING
  • DIGESTION IN DOGS
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3
Q

Classical conditioning elements (4)

A
  • UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED STIMULUS

- UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED RESPONSE

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4
Q

ACQUISITION is a stage of the .. processes and occurs when a .. has been ..

A
  • CONDITIONING
  • RESPONSE
  • ESTABLISHED
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5
Q

DELAYED CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • Form of classical conditioning in which the CS comes on and STAYS ON FOR A PERIOD OF TIME before the US is presented
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6
Q

TRACE CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • the presentation of the CS, followed by a SHORT BREAK, followed by the presentation of the UCS
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7
Q

SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING (1)

A

CS and US are presented at the SAME TIME

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8
Q

types of CONDITIONING (4)

A
  • SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING
  • TRACE ‘’
  • DELAYED ‘’
  • BACKWARD ‘’
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9
Q

BACKWARD CONDITIONING (1)

A

US is PRESENTED FIRST and is followed by the CS.

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10
Q

“sometimes, after a CS has been extinguished and no further training of the animals has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS.

A
  • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
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11
Q

In one famous, albeit ethically questionable, study, John .. and Rosalie .. conditioned a little boy named .. to fear a .. ..

A
  • WATSON
  • RAYNER
  • ALBERT
  • WHITE RAT
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12
Q

“stop biting their nails, some people paint them with truly horrible tasting materials”

A
  • AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
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13
Q

another way to say HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

A
  • SECOND ORDER CONDITIONING
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14
Q

John .. and Robert .. performed a famous experiment illustrating how RATS MORE READILY LEARNED to make certain ASSOCIATIONS with others.

A
  • GARCIA

- KOELLING

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15
Q

“research suggests that animals and humans are biologically prepared to make certain connections more easily than others.” (example)

A
  • LEARNED TASTE AVERSION
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16
Q

Garcia effect (1)

A
  • the ease with which animals learn TASTE AVERSIONS
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17
Q

Edward .. was one of the first people to research OPERANT CONDITIONING

A
  • THORNDIKE
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18
Q

OPERANT CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • kind of LEARNING based on CONSEQUENCES of one’s BEHAVIORS
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19
Q

Edward THORNDIKE was one of the first people to research .. ..

A
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
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20
Q

THORNDIKE put forth the .. .. . that states that if the CONSEQUENCES of a behavior are PLEASANT, the … connection will be STRENGTHENED and the likelihood of the behavior will increase.

A
  • LAW OF EFFECT

- STIMULUS-RESPONSE

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21
Q

THORNDIKE used the term .. .. to describe his work because he believed the CONSEQUENCE was .. in shaping .. ..

A
  • INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
  • INSTRUMENTAL
  • FUTURE BEHAVIOR
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22
Q

B. F. SKINNER who coined the term .. .., is the best-known PSYCHOLOGIST to research this form of learning.

A
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
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23
Q

(2) kinds of REINFORCEMENTS exist…

A
  • POSITIVE

- NEGATIVE

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24
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT refers to..

A
  • the ADDITION of something PLEASANT
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25
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT refers to..
- the REMOVAL of something UNPLEASANT
26
"usually has a way to deliver food to an animal and a LEVER to press or DISK to peck in order to get the food."
- SKINNER BOX
27
In a SKINNER BOX, the food is the .., and the process of giving food is called the ..
- REINFORCER | - REINFORCEMENT
28
"terminate a loud noise or shock in response to the press of a lever."
- NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
29
"If Sammy creates a ruckus in the English class he hates and is asked to leave, he is evidencing.."
- ESCAPE BEHAVIOR
30
"If Sammy cuts English class, he is showing.."
- AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
31
"affecting behavior by using unpleasant consequences."
- PUNISHMENT
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(2) types of PUNISHMENT
- POSITIVE PUNISHMENT (or simply punishment) | - OMISSION TRAINING/NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
33
"ADDITION of something UNPLEASANT."
- POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
34
"REMOVAL of something PLEASANT."
- OMISSION TRAINING (NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT)
35
"give a rat an electric shock every time it touches the lever"
- (POSITIVE) PUNISHMENT
36
"remove a rat's food when it touches the lever."
- OMISSION TRAINING
37
"rewarding the rat for doing APPROXIMATIONS of the desired behavior."
- SHAPING
38
"Subjects can also be taught to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward. This process is known as .."
- CHAINING
39
"teaching a rat to run through an obstacle course in order to obtain food as a reward."
- CHAINING
40
"occurs when the rat LEARNS to press the LEVER to get the REWARD."
- ACQUISITION
41
"occurs when the rat CEASES to press the LEVER because the REWARD no longer RESULTS from this action."
- EXTINCTION
42
"would occur if, after having EXTINGUISHED the bar press RESPONSE and without providing any further training, the rat began to press the bar again."
- SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
43
"would be if the rat began to press OTHER THINGS in the Skinner box, or the bar in other boxes."
- GENERALIZATION
44
"would involve teaching the rat to ONLY press a PARTICULAR bar or to press the bar only under CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
- DISCRIMINATION
45
(2) main types of REINFORCERS
- PRIMARY REINFORCERS | - SECONDARY REINFORCERS
46
"special kind of secondary reinforcer because it can be traded for virtually anything. Is called a .. .."
- MONEY | - GENERALIZED REINFORCER
47
"food, water, rest..."
- PRIMARY REINFORCERS
48
"praise, chance to play a video game..."
- SECONDARY REINFORCERS
49
"a form of BEHAVIOR THERAPY that has been used in some MENTAL INSTITUTIONS, PRISONS, and SCHOOLS; patients are rewarded with tokens for APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards"
- TOKEN ECONOMY
50
"idea that REINFORCING PROPERTIES of sth DEPEND on the situation."
- PREMACK PRINCIPLE
51
"when you are first teaching a new behavior, rewarding the behavior EACH TIME is best. This process is known as .. .."
- CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
52
"according to the .. .. .., BEHAVIORS will be more RESISTANT to EXTINCTION if the animal has not been reinforced continuously."
- PARTIAL-REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
53
"provides REINFORCEMENT after a SET NUMBER of RESPONSES."
- FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE
54
FR-5
- rewarded EVERY TIME (fixed-ratio) after every FIFTH BAR PRESS
55
"a rat on a .. schedule might be rewarded after the 2nd press, the 9th press, the 3rd press...so on; the .. # of presses required to receive the reward will be FIVE
- VR-5 (variable-ratio) | - AVERAGE
56
"In a .. minute schedule the rat will be reinforced for the FIRST BAR PRESS that occurs after 3 MINUTES have passed."
- FI-3 (fixed interval)
57
In a .. minute schedule, the rat will become reinforced for the first response made after an AVERAGE of 3 minutes.
- VI-3 (variable interval)
58
"the tendency for animals to FORGO REWARDS to pursue their TYPICAL PATTERNS of BEHAVIOR."
- INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
59
"pigs refuse to put disks into a bank-like object and tend, instead, to bury the disks in the ground."
- INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
60
"The .. model of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, is known as the .. .. because it postulates that the more two things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place."
- PAVLOVIAN | - CONTIGUITY MODEL
61
ROBERT .. revised the PAVLOVIAN MODEL to take into account more complex set of circumstances.
- RESCORLA
62
★ types of LEARNING (6)
(COOLAID w/out the D) - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - OPERANT - OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING - LATENT LEARNING - ABSTRACT LEARING - INSIGHT LEARNING
63
RESCORLA's .. model of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING reflects more of a .. spin
- CONTIGENCY | - COGNITIVE
64
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING is also known as ..
- MODELING
65
Albert BANDURA studied ..
- OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
66
Edward TOLMAN extensively studied ..
- LATENT LEARNING
67
MODELING has (2) basic components :
- OBSERVATION and IMITATION
68
"learning that becomes OBVIOUS only once a REINFORCEMENT is given for demonstrating it."
- LATENT LEARNING
69
"rats in a MAZE EXPERIMENT; one group with reward, the other without reward."
- LATENT LEARNING
70
"involves understanding concepts such as TREE or SAME rather than learning simply to press a bar or peck a dish in order to secure a reward."
- ABSTRACT LEARNING
71
"pigeons that have been shown a particular shape were rewarded when the picked the SAME SHAPE out of two choices."
- ABSTRACT LEARNING
72
Wolfgang KOHLER is well known for his studies of .. ..
- INSIGHT LEARNING
73
"occurs when one SUDDENLY realizes how to solve a problem."
- INSIGHT LEARNING
74
"GUY WHO DESIGNED EXPERIMENT? room with several boxes, a monkey, and a banana suspended on a string. TYPE OF LEARNING."
- KOHLER | - INSIGHT LEARNING
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