Study Guide: CHP 7 -- Memory

Question 1

4. c) STM is often used interchangeably with .. .., but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the .. that are used to .. store, organize and .. information. STM, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.

Answer 1

• WORKING MEMORY
• PROCESSES
• TEMPORARILY
• MANIPULATE

Question 2

1. SELECTIVE ATTENTION is .. to everyday FUNCTIONING. If your ATTENTION were distributed .. among all .. INPUTS, life would be utter CHAOS. You need to screen out most of the potential.. around you in order to READ a BOOK, CONVERSE with a FRIEND, or even carry on a COHERENT train of ..

Answer 2

• CRITICAL
• EQUALLY
• STIMULUS
• STIMULATION
• THOUGHT

Question 3

1. The ADDITIONAL .. created by .. usually help people REMEMBER INFORMATION.

Answer 3

• CONNECTIONS

- ELABORATION

Question 4

.. or the creation of VISUAL IMAGES to .. words, can be used to ENRICH ..

Answer 4

• IMAGERY
• REPRESENT
• ENCODING

Question 5

1.Making material .. meaningful can also enrich .. People’s .. of information tends to be .. in favor of material that is .. to them

Answer 5

• PERSONALLY
• ENCODING
• RECALL
• SLANTED
• RELEVANT

Question 6

1. FACTORS that influence MEMORY POSITIVELY (4)

Answer 6

• ATTENTION
• ELABORATION
• VISUAL IMAGERY
• SELF-REFERENCE

Question 7

4. b) REHEARSAL is the process of .. verbalizing or .. about the information. CHUNKING is STORING a group of .. .. into a .. .. REHEARSAL influences how .. you retain information; CHUNKING influences how .. information you can retain.

Answer 7

• REPETITIVELY
• THINKING
• FAMILIAR STIMULI
• SINGLE UNIT
• HOW LONG
• HOW MUCH

Question 8

2. According to some theorists, .. DIFFERENCES in how PEOPLE attend to INFORMATION are important factors influencing how .. they remember. Craik and Lockhart proposed the incoming information can be processed at .. levels. They maintained that in dealing with .. information, people engage in three progressively deeper levels of processing: .. , .. , and .. ..

Answer 8

• QUALITATIVE
• MUCH
• DIFFERENT
• VERBAL
• STRUCTURAL, PHONEMIC, SEMANTIC

Question 9

3. ATKINSON and SHIFFRIN proposed that MEMORY MADE is made up of THREE .. ..: .. MEMORY can hold a LARGE of amount of information just long enough (a fraction of a ..) for a .. .. of it to be selected for LONGER storage. … has a LIMITED CAPACITY, and unless aided by .., its STORAGE DURATION is BRIEF. LTM can store an apparently unlimited amount of information for indeterminate periods.

Answer 9

• INFORMATION STORE
• SENSORY
• SECOND
• SMALL PORTION
• STM
• REHEARSAL

Question 10

4) a) DECAY THEORY attributes FORGETTING to the .. of MEMORY STORAGE; it proposes that MEMORY TRACES FADE because of ..; the implicit assumption is that decay occurs in the .. .. responsible for memories; INTERFERENCE THEORY proposes that people forget because .. from other material. INTERFERENCE depends on the .. of the original material and the intervening material. DECAY THEORY proposes that memories are eventually .. and cannot be .. ; INTERFERENCE THEORY implies that the memory is still there, however, it cannot be retrieved because of .. from similar new/old information.

Answer 10

• IMPERMANENCE
• TIME
• PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
• COMPETITION
• SIMILARITY
• LOST
• RETRIEVED
• INTERFERENCE

Question 11

6) a) CLUSTERING shows the TENDENCY to remember KNOWLEDGE in .. Thus, when applicable, factual information is routinely .. into .. .. Also, when possible, factual information may be organized into .. ..

Answer 11

• GROUPS
• ORGANIZED
• CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHY (e.g. minerals –> metals –> gold)

Question 12

6) c) A SCHEMA is an .. .. of knowledge about a particular .. or .. abstracted from .. .. with the object or event. PEOPLE are more likely to .. things that are .. with their SCHEMAS than things that are NOT. HOWEVER, the INVERSE is also true. Information that really .. with a schema may attract .. .. and deeper … e.g. slot machine in professor’s office

Answer 12

• ORGANIZED CLUSTER
• EVENT OR OBJECT
• PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
• REMEMBER
• CONSISTENT
• SCHEMAS
• CLASHES
• EXTRA ATTENTION
• PROCESSING

Question 13

6) b)”a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items” e.g. –>

Answer 13

• CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHY

- -> mineral –> metal –> rare –> gold

Question 14

6) d) A SEMANTIC NETWORK consists of .. representing .. , joined together by .. that link related concepts.
e. g.

Answer 14

• NODES
• CONCEPTS
• PATHWAYS
  e. g. apples truck –> vehicle

Question 15

7) a) “trying to recall an EVENT by putting yourself back in the ‘’” e.g.

Answer 15

• CONTEXT CUE

e. g. go upstairs, forget what you came to get.

Question 16

7) b) “occurs when participants recall of an event they witness is altered by introducing .. .. information” research on this effect has shown that .. distortions show up .. in eyewitness testimony. e.g.

Answer 16

• -> MISINFORMATION EFFECT
• MISLEADING
• POSTEVENT
• RECONSTRUCTIVE
• FREQUENTLY
  e. g. –> how fast were the cars when they SMASHED against each other?

Question 17

7) c) “refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one’s perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one’s thoughts and imaginations” e.g.

Answer 17

• REALITY MONITORING

e. g. did i pack the umbrella or did i only think of packing it?

Question 18

8. EBBINGHAUS concluded that FORGETTING occurs .. .. after learning something. His experiment with .. syllables revealed that people tended to forget something simply .. min after they learned it.

Answer 18

• VERY RAPIDLY
• NONSENSE
• 20

Question 19

9. RECALL requires subjects to .. information on their own w/out any ..; RECOGNITION requests subjects to select .. .. information from an array of .. e.g.

Answer 19

• REPRODUCED
• CUES
• PREVIOUSLY LEARNED
• CHOICES
  e. g. ESSAY vs MULTIPLE CHOICE

Question 20

10. a) INEFFECTIVE ENCODING makes you think that you might have forgotten something, when, reality some information might not have been .. into your head into the first place. Since you can’t really forget sth you never learned, this phenomenon is sometimes called .. ‘’ is usually attributed to .. .. ..

Answer 20

• ENCODED
• PSEUDOFORGETTING
• LACK OF ATTENTION

Question 21

10. b) “occurs when NEW INFORMATION impairs the retention of PREVIOUSLY LEARNED INFORMATION”

Answer 21

• RETROACTIVE LEARNING

- -> TEACHER FORGETS NAMES OF OLD STUDENTS

Question 22

10. b) “occurs when PREVIOUSLY learned INFORMATION interferes with the retention of NEW INFORMATION”

Answer 22

• PROACTIVE LEARNING

Question 23

10. c) ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE?

Answer 23

• the more specific the cue, the more likely you are to remember it?–“the value of a RETRIEVAL CUE depends on how well it corresponds to the MEMORY CODE” –>

Question 24

10. d) “refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the ..” can also be called .. ..

Answer 24

• -> REPRESSION
• UNCONSCIOUS
• MOTIVATED FORGETTING

Question 25

11. a) one line of research suggests that memory formation results in CHANGES in .. .. at specific SITES (--> enhance the .. and .. of NEUROTRANSMITTERS at these SYNAPSES) Researcher Kandel believes that .. changes in synaptic transmission may be the neural .. .. of more .. memories as well.

Answer 25

- SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - AVAILABILITY - RELEASE - BUILDING BLOCKS - COMPLEX

Question 26

11. b) specific memories may depend on .. .. circuits in the brain. In other words, memories may create .., .. pathways in the brain along which signals flow.

Answer 26

- LOCALIZED NEURAL | - UNIQUE, REUSABLE

Question 27

11. c) LONG TERM POTENTIATION? Researchers produce LTP artificially by sending a burst of .. .FREQUENCY .. stimulation. LTP supports the idea that MEMORY TRACES consist of specific .. ..

Answer 27

- ->"long lasting INCREASE in the NEURAL EXCITABILITY at SYNAPSES along a specific neural pathway" --> MYELINIZATION - HIGH FREQUENCY - ELECTRICAL - NEURAL CIRCUITS

Question 28

11. d) Recent RESEARCH suggests that the process of NEUROGENESIS may contribute to the .. of .. .. that underlie MEMORY; Animal studies show that manipulations that SUPPRESS neurogenesis lead to .. .. on many types of LEARNING tasks and that conditions that INCREASE neurogenesis are associated with .. .. on many tasks.

Answer 28

- SCULPTING - NEURAL CIRCUITS - MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS - ENHANCED LEARNING

Question 29

12. The study of anterograde amnesia has proven to be an esp. rich source of information about the .. and .. From one well known case, a man named .. had surgery to relieve debilitating .. .. The surgery greatly reduced his seizures however the it also inadvertently wiped out his ability to form new .. .. ..

Answer 29

- BRAIN - MEMORY - H.M. - LONG TERM MEMORIES

Question 30

12. "involves the loss of memories for events that occurred PRIOR to the onset of amnesia."

Answer 30

- RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 31

12. "involves the loss of memories for events that occur AFTER the ONSET of amnesia"

Answer 31

- ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 32

12. H.M's memory losses were originally attributed to the removal of his ..; Scientist now believe that the entire .. .. and adjacent areas in the cortex are .. for many types of LTM. Many scientist now refer to this broader memory complex as the .. .. .. memory system, which they think plays a major role in the .. of memory

Answer 32

- HIPPOCAMPUS - HIPPOCAMPAL REGION - CRITICAL - MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE - CONSOLIDATION

Question 33

13. a) "handles FACTUAL information; contains recollections of WORDS, DEFINITIONS, NAMES, DATES, FACES, EVENTS,CONCEPTS, AND IDEAS." --> knowing the rules of tennis

Answer 33

- DECLARATIVE MEMORY

Question 34

13. a) "houses MEMORIES for ACTIONS, SKILLS, CONDITIONED RESPONSES, AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES. e.g. riding a bike, typing, tying a shoe." --> knowing how to play tennis

Answer 34

- PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Question 35

13. b) "made up of chronological, or temporarily dated recollections of personal experiences. A record of things you have done, or seen." --> being in the ninth grade play, visiting the Grand Canyon, going to the Norah Jones concert...

Answer 35

- EPISODIC

Question 36

13. b) "contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned." --> Christmas is December 25th, dogs have four legs, etc...

Answer 36

- SEMANTIC MEMORY SYSTEM

Question 37

13. c) "involves remembering to perform actions in the future." --> remember to grab your umbrella, to walk the dog, to call someone, and to grab tickets to the big game.

Answer 37

- PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Question 38

13. c) "involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information." --> who won the Super Bowl last year, reminiscing about high school days, what your professor said in the lecture last week.

Answer 38

- RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Question 39

13. d) "When you are trying to intentionally remember something (like a formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history class), this information is stored in your .. .. .

Answer 39

- EXPLICIT MEMORY

Question 40

13. d) Things that we don't purposely try to remember are stored in .. ... This kind of memory is both .. and .. This type of memory is also known as .. memory, since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness. .. memories, such as how to perform a specific task like swinging a baseball bat or making toast, are one type of IMPLICIT memory since you don't have to consciously recall how to perform these tasks.

Answer 40

- IMPLICIT MEMORY - UNCONSCIOUS - UNINTENTIONAL - NONDECLARATIVE - PROCEDURAL

Question 41

13. e) you are more likely to recall STATE DEPENDENT memory depending on the .. .. you are in ; CONTEXT DEPENDENT memory is more easily recalled depending on your ..

Answer 41

- EMOTIONAL STATE | - LOCATION

Question 42

14. "the tendency to MOLD one's INTERPRETATION of the PAST to fit how EVENTS ACTUALLY turned out."

Answer 42

- HINDSIGHT BIAS

Question 43

14. The tendency to exhibit the HINDSIGHT BIAS is .., .., and surprisingly strong. With regard to .., their recollections may often be .. by knowing that a particular PERSON has been ARRESTED and ACCUSED of the crime in question.

Answer 43

- NORMAL - PERVASIVE - EYEWITNESSES - DISTORTED

Question 44

14. Another FLAW in thinking contributes to .. in EYEWITNESS accounts is people's tendency to be .. about the .. of their memory. When tested for their memory of information, people tend to .. their accuracy; Evidence indicates that that only a .. correlation is found between eyewitness .. and eyewitness ...

Answer 44

- INACCURACY - OVER - RELIABILITY - OVERESTIMATE - MODEST - CONFIDENCE - ACCURACY

Question 45

15. a) the LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY proposes that .. levels of processing result in ..-.. memory codes.

Answer 45

- DEEPER | - LONGER LASTING

Question 46

15. b) "when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention."

Answer 46

- TRANSFER-APPROPRIATE PROCESSING

Question 47

15. c) "assumes that COGNITIVE PROCESSES depend on PATTERNS of activation in highly INTERCONNECTED computational networks that resemble NEURAL networks."

Answer 47

- PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

Question 48

15. c) PDP MODELS assert that specific .. correspond to particular .. of activation in these networks; each .. represents specific .. or pieces of knowledge. Thus, the information lies in the strength of the .. ;

Answer 48

- MEMORIES - PATTERNS - NODE - CONCEPTS - CONNECTIONS

Question 49

15. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS?

Answer 49

- when an area of the brain is damaged that is related to memory, not all memory is lost sometimes a person gets damage to hippocampus; - anterograde amnesia; however, we can still remember the past; maybe we have multiple memory systems that exist together;

Question 50

15. TRANSFER APPROPRIATE PROCESSING?

Answer 50

e. g. if you review for multiple choice, and you have an essay test, you perform less well. - influenced that memory is influenced by the "fit" b/w the processing during encoding and retrieval.

Question 51

DIFFERENCE B/W WORKING MEMORY and STM

Answer 51

- | - manipulate memory (visual spatial sketchpad, central executive system: deploying attention, and episodic memory)