Chapter 7

Question 1

Innate immunity: is this present already at birth?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

Components of the innate immunity are:
* first line of defense: physical and
chemical barriers of the skin and
mucous membranes
* second line of defense:
antimicrobial substances, X cells, phagocytes,
inflammation and fever

Answer 2

natural
killer

Question 3

Adaptive immunity involves what types of lymphocytes?

Answer 3

T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes
(B cells).

Question 4

The body system responsible
for adaptive immunity (and
some aspects of innate
immunity) is the X
system

Answer 4

lymphatic

Question 5

After interstitial fluid passes into
lymphatic vessels, it is called X

Answer 5

lymph.

Question 6

The major difference between
interstitial fluid and lymph is X:
* interstitial fluid is found between
cells.
* lymph is located within lymphatic
vessels and lymphatic tissue.

Answer 6

location

Question 7

The lymphatic system has 3 primary
functions:

1. Drains excess X fluid
   from tissue spaces and return
   it to the blood
2. Transport lipids and lipidsoluble vitamins (A, D, E, and
   K) absorbed by the
   gastrointestinal tract.
3. Carries out immune
   responses: initiates highly
   specific responses

Answer 7

interstitial

Question 8

true/false:

red bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system

Answer 8

true

Question 9

Lymphatic organs and tissues are
classified into 2 groups based on their
functions:

1. Primary lymphatic organs: sites
   where stem cells divide and
   become immunocompetent
   (capable of mounting an immune
   response).
2. Secondary lymphatic organs and
   tissues: sites where…

Answer 9

most immune
responses occur.

Question 10

Primary lymphatic organs are :
1. Red bone marrow (in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults)
2. Thymus (for ….. T-cells)

Answer 10

pre T-cells, here in the thymus they become mature

Question 11

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues include:

1. Lymph nodes
2. X
3. Lymphatic nodules or follicles: non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue in different
   locations of the body

Answer 11

Spleen

Question 12

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
* bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
* nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)
* skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
* Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

these are all ….

Answer 12

Lymphatic nodules or follicles:

Question 13

Its components treat all foreign invaders in much the same way.
However, they are enhanced by such exposures over time but are not specific to
a particular pathogen.

true/false

Answer 13

false: they are not enhanced over time

Question 14

external defenses, skin:

• Low/high pH
• Desquamation (shedding of skin)
• Sweat (inhibits bacterial growth)

Answer 14

Low pH

Question 15

Physical barriers of innate immune system:

Peristalsis: flow rate through GI tract. The greater the flow rate,…..

• Micro Villi/Cili: Aid flow of mucus/Help trap bacteria and
  prevent them from getting deeper into the tissues.
• Flow of body fluids (urine): of great importance in preventing
  urinary tract infections
• Saliva and tears: The flushing action of tears and saliva helps
  prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.
• Cough or sneeze: expels microorganisms and contaminated secretions

Answer 15

the less chance of colonization.

Question 16

Chemical barriers of innate immune system:

• Enzymes
• Gastric acid
• Bile (why?)
• sweat

Answer 16

Bile: detergent action breaks membranes.

Question 17

Internal barriers of innate immune system

1. Antimicrobial substances:
2. Interferon
3. Complement system
4. Iron-binding proteins
5. Antimicrobial proteins
6. …. cells
7. Phagocytes
8. Inflammation
9. Fever
10. Cytokines

Answer 17

Natural killer

Question 18

Interferons (they INTERFERE): produced by ….-infected cells, where they diffuse to uninfected neighboring
cells, where they induce synthesis of ….. proteins that interfere with
viral replication.

Answer 18

virus
antiviral

Question 19

Complement system:
* Is a group of normally active/inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes.
* When activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune
reactions.

Answer 19

inactive

Question 20

Complement system: the proteins of the complement system
1. promote phagocytosis by pathogen opsonization
2. Contributes to inflammation through leukocyte activation
3. Causes cytolysis (bursting) of X

Answer 20

microbes

Question 21

3. Iron-binding proteins

• Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.
• Examples include:
• Xferrin: blood and tissue fluids
• Lactoferrin: milk, saliva, and mucus
• Ferritin: liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
• Hemoglobin: red blood cells

Answer 21

Trans

Question 22

Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs):
* Are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Examples of AMPs are:

• Dermicidin: produced by
  sweat glands
• Defensins and
  cathelicidins: produced by
  neutrophils, macrophages,
  and epithelia
• Thrombocidin: produced
  by X

Answer 22

platelets

Question 23

Microbes exposed to AMPs do /do not appear to develop resistance

Answer 23

do not (contrary to antibiotics)

Question 24

When microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass
the antimicrobial substances in blood, the next nonspecific defense
consists of X cells and phagocytes.

Answer 24

natural killer

Question 25

true/false: NK cells attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

true/false: NK cells are unimportant in the adaptive immune system

Answer 26

false.

Question 27

NK cells express two kinds of receptors: 1. inhibitory (recognize MHC antigens (major histocomp complex) 2. .......... (recognize specific stress-assoc antigens)

Answer 27

activating

Question 28

Down/Upregulation of activating ligands and down/upregulation of MHC class I provides a signal for NK cells to become activated and display effector functions.

Answer 28

upregulation of ligands, downregulation of MHC class 1

Question 29

The binding of NK cells to a target cell causes the release of granules containing toxic substances from NK cells: * Perforin: inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell and creates channels (perforations) in the membrane. As a result, extracellular fluid flows into the target cell and the cell ... * Granzymes: are proteindigesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis, or self-destruction.

Answer 29

bursts (cytolysis).

Question 30

The type of attack of NK cells kills infected cells, but not the microbes inside the cells true/false

Answer 30

true

Question 31

The two major types of phagocytes are X and macrophages.

Answer 31

neutrophils

Question 32

Phagocytosis occurs in five phases. Put them in the right order 1. Ingestion 2. Chemotaxis 3. Digestion 4. Adherence 5. Killing

Answer 32

3 1 4 2 5

Question 33

Chemotaxis: What happens in response to a chemical stimulus?

Answer 33

movement of an organism

Question 34

Inflammation is an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, to prevent their spread to other tissues, and to prepare the site for ....

Answer 34

tissue repair

Question 35

There are certain signs-symptoms associated with inflammation: PRISH

Answer 35

pain redness immobility swelling heat

Question 36

* The inflammatory response has three basic stages: 1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels 2. Emigration (movement) of X from the blood into interstitial fluid. Diapedesis is the outward passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact vessel walls 3. Tissue repair

Answer 36

phagocytes

Question 37

Elevated body temperature: 1. intensifies the effects of interferons 2. inhibits the growth of some microbes 3. does what to body reactions that aid repair?

Answer 37

speeds up

Question 38

Cytokines are a large, diverse family of small soluble proteins or glycoproteins which mediate interactions between cells in order to mount and coordinate an effective immune response. They are active only in the innate cell response true/false

Answer 38

false: they also drive the adaptive immune response.

Question 39

The two principal producers of cytokines are helper T cells (Th cells) and X

Answer 39

macrophages,

Question 40

cytokines: Receptor engagement triggers intracellular signalling cascades leading to altered gene expression in the target cell, which lead to a biological effect: differentiation, X, and activation of the target cell.

Answer 40

proliferation

Question 41

Cytokines can be: * X-inflammatory cytokines: are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). * X-inflammatory cytokines: series of immunoregulatory molecules that control the pro-inflammatory cytokine response (IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13).

Answer 41

pro and anti