Chapter 7B

Question 1

Two properties distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity:
1. X
2. Memory

Answer 1

Specificity

Question 2

Adaptive specific immunity involves the actions of two distinct cell
types: X and X cells

Answer 2

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).

Question 3

B cells originate and develop in the X and finish their maturation
process in peripheral lymphoid tissues such as the spleen.

Answer 3

bone marrow ( B cells Bonemarrow)

Question 4

B cells are responsible for the production of X or immunoglobulins

Answer 4

antibodies

Question 5

Mechanisms of adaptive specific immunity that involve B cells and antibody
production are referred to as X immunity.

Answer 5

humoral

Question 6

• T cells originate in the bone marrow and migrate into the X for maturation,
  selection (Tc and Th) and subsequent export to the peripheral lymphoid tissues

Answer 6

thymus

Question 7

T cells function as the central orchestrator of both innate and adaptive immune
responses.

• They are also responsible
  for destruction of cells
  that are…

Answer 7

infected with
intracellular pathogens.

Question 8

The targeting and
destruction of
intracellular pathogens
by T cells is called cellmediated immunity,
or X

Answer 8

cellular immunity.

Question 9

The antibodies involved in humoral immunity often bind pathogens and
toxins before they can attach to and invade host cells:

• It works mainly against intra/extracellular pathogens in intra/extracellular spaces: any viruses,
  bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluids inside/outside cells.

Answer 9

outside

• Pathogens that have already gained entry to host cells are largely
  protected from the humoral antibody-mediated defenses

Question 10

Antibody-mediated immunity: involves antibodies that bind to antigens
in X (such as blood and lymph).

Answer 10

body humors or fluids

Question 11

B cells transform into X cells, which synthesize and secrete antibodies.
* A given antibody can bind to and inactivate a specific antigen

Answer 11

plasma

Question 12

Cellular immunity targets and eliminates intra/extracellular pathogens through the actions of T cells. It is particularly effective
against:

1. intra/extracellular pathogens, which include any viruses, bacteria, or
   fungi that are inside cells;
2. some cancer cells and
3. foreign tissue transplants.

Answer 12

intra

Question 13

Cell-mediated immunity: cytotoxic T cells directly/indirectly attack invading
antigens. Thus, cell-mediated immunity always involves cells attacking
cells.

• T cells also play a more central role in orchestrating the overall
  adaptive immune response (humoral as well as cellular) along with the
  cellular defenses of innate immunity.

Answer 13

directly

Question 14

Despite the differences:
* Both types of adaptive immunity are triggered by X

• Helper T cells aid the immune responses of both cell mediated and
  antibody-mediated immunity.

Answer 14

antigens.

Question 15

see p 14 for t and b cell overview

Answer 15

ok

Question 16

The antibody produced in
response to an antigen binds only
to a very small site on the antigen
known as x

Answer 16

epitope: “smallest unit of an antigen (ex. microbe) to which an
antibody or cell can bind”.

Question 17

true/false:
A single antigen may possess several different epitopes, and different
antibodies may bind to different epitopes on the same antigen

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Proteins
Lipids and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

put in order of most to least effective as antigens

Answer 18

proteins, ch, lipids

Question 19

Immunoglobulins or antibodies, are molecules produced by activated B cells and
plasma cells in response to exposure to antigens.

true.false

Answer 19

true

Question 20

immunoglobulins can be found…

1. Bound to the membrane of a inf. B, acting as a receptor
   2) Soluble, secreted by X and plasma cells
   upon antigen exposure, and allowing the immune system
   to recognize and effectively respond to a myriad of
   pathogens

Answer 20

activated B cells

Question 21

Clonal restriction: a B lymphocyte can only produce
specific immunoglobulins for a single type of antigen.

true.false

Answer 21

true

Question 22

The basic structure of an antibody monomer consists of four protein
chains held together by disulfide bonds:

• Two largest chains identical to each other: X chains.
• Two smaller chains identical to each other: X chains.
• Joined together, the heavy and light chains form a basic Y-shaped
  structure.

Answer 22

heavy
light

Question 23

An immunoglobulin
recognizes multiple antigens

true/false

Answer 23

false, only one antigen

Question 24

The trunk of the Y is also called the Fc region, for “fragment of
crystallization,” and is the site of complement factor binding and binding
to phagocytic cells during antibody-mediated X

Answer 24

opsonization. (Opsonization is the process of recognizing and targeting invading particles for phagocytosis)

Opsonization is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign
pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

Question 25

2 types of opsonins: complement C3b and antibodiesX

Answer 25

antibodies

Question 26

The constant region of an antibody molecule determines its class, or isotype. * The five classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, X, IgD, and IgE which is the most abundant and versatile?

Answer 26

X = IgA answer to question = IgG

Question 27

Different classes of antibody play important roles in the body’s defense against pathogens. * These functions include: 1. neutralization of pathogens 2. X for phagocytosis, 3. agglutination, 4. X activation, 5. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. * For most of these functions, antibodies also provide an important link between adaptive specific immunity and innate nonspecific immunity.

Answer 27

opsonization complement activation

Question 28

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes coding for MHC X found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body. * In humans, the MHC genes are also referred to as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. * X, are the only cells that do not express MHC molecules on their surface. * There are two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity, MHC I and MHC II.

Answer 28

molecules Mature red blood cells, which lack a nucleus

Question 29

MHC I is found on all nucleated cells: present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or nonself pathogens from inside/outside the cell to the effector T cells involved in cellular immunity. * MHC II is found on X, dendritic cells, and B cells (APCs); they present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens from inside/outside the cell for the initial activation of T cells.

Answer 29

inside macrophages outside

Question 30

MHC 2: present in specialized cells = ..... cells. They have the ability to present antigens specifically for the purpose of activating T helper cells.

Answer 30

antigen presenting cells

Question 31

MHC antigen (!) MHC 1: binds TCR + CD8, expressed on all nucleated cells, presents antigens from the inside to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells MHC2: binds TCR + CD4, expressed on APC's, presents antigens from the outside to CD4+ helper T cells

Answer 31

ok

Question 32

Proffesional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have the ability to present antigens (through the antigen binding to MCHII) specifically for the purpose of activating X cells

Answer 32

T helper

Question 33

* Professional APCs are: - macrophages - .... cells - B cells

Answer 33

dendritic

Question 34

While all APCs play a similar role in adaptive immunity, there are some important differences to consider: Whilst macrophages and dendritic cells' primary role is phagocytes (ingest and kill pathogens that penetrate first-line barriers), the B-cells primary role is....

Answer 34

Production and secretion of antibodies

Question 35

Whilst macrophages and dendritic cells' receptors are nonspecific, B-cells receptors are ....

Answer 35

antigen-specific (IgD and IgM)