Direct manipulation
Considered the best design methodology for most projects because its easy to use
Direct manipulation history
Xerox PARC
Example of direct manipulation
Cars
Is WYSIWYG direct manipulation
Yes
Direct manipulation principles
Continuous representations of objects and actions
Physical actions
Speed
Physical actions
Point and click rather than CLI
How is speed accomplished
Reversability
Main three benefits of direct manipulation (vague)
Novices learn basic functionality fast
Experts work fast
Intermittent users remember what they need
Specific benefits of direct manipulation (specific)
Users can see if their actions further their goals.
Error messages are rarely needed.
Strong interaction
Dataglove
Immersive
VR
Weak
Keyboard and mouse
Medium
Touchscreen
Problems with direct manipulation
Uses screen space
Bad for disabled users
Recording local inverses of actions or undo is a lot of work to implement
Making underlying databases work fast enough is hard
Benefits of direct manipulation
Visual
Easy
Low errors
Weiser
Dark image of the future with a lot of screens
Maps
Moving around the world is directly manipulating your location
Gaming commercial success
Very simple, very fast paced, for phones
Games and mental health
Cooperative and creative modes cause less suicide
CAD
Involves directly grabbing and manipulating 3D objects
Highly specialized
Used to quickly generate many variations
Honeywell Experion
Click on errant sensors and remotely deploy automated solutions
Direct manipulatoin in programmign
Mostly in Excel or programming robots
What not to use 3D for
Charts, air traffic control, file explorer
Avoid in 3D design
Occlusion, shadows, perspective