Chapter 8

Question 1

cofactor

Answer 1

• inorganic
• permanent or temporary
• sit in active sight to help bonding of enzyme

Question 2

what is ATP

Answer 2

• fit under nucleic acid category
• bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate contribute to ATP being unstable

Question 3

what makes up ATP

Answer 3

• 3 phosphates
• base (adenine)
• sugar (ribose)

Question 4

phosphorylated

Answer 4

phosphate is transferred to a protein
- becomes more reactive and less stable

Question 5

when is there the most potential energy

Answer 5

longest, weakest bonds

Question 6

when is there the least potential energy

Answer 6

shortest, strongest bonds

Question 7

enthalpy

Answer 7

• potential energy of molecule
• effect of molecule on surrounding pressure and volume

Question 8

exothermic reactions

Answer 8

• release heat energy
• getting energy
• product have less potential energy than reactants

Question 9

endothermic reactions

Answer 9

-heat energy is taken up
- takes energy
- products have higher potential energy than reactants

Question 10

entropy

Answer 10

• amount of disorder
• entropy increases

Question 11

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

• total entropy always increases in a system
• example: time only moves in 1 direction

Question 12

Gibbs free energy

Answer 12

• determines whether reaction is spontaneous or requires energy to proceed

Question 13

spontaneous reaction

Answer 13

-release energy (exergonic)
- below 0

Question 14

nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 14

• requires energy to occur (endergonic)
• above 0

Question 15

energetic coupling

Answer 15

• allows chemical energy released from one reaction to drive another reaction
• one fuels the other

Question 16

how does energetic coupling work

Answer 16

1. energy is produced
2. other reactions occur due to the released energy

Question 17

electron carriers

Answer 17

readily donate electrons to other molecules

Question 18

NAD+

Answer 18

• accepts 2 electrons plus one proton to from NADH
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• coenzyme
• electron carrier

Question 19

FADH2

Answer 19

formed by FAD accepting two electrons plus two protons

Question 20

why does ATP provide so much energy

Answer 20

due to the structure
- 3 negative charged phosphate groups (lots of potential energy)

Question 21

how does ADP form

Answer 21

hydrolysis bond between two outmost phosphate groups

Question 22

what does phosphorylation do to a protein

Answer 22

changes its shape

Question 23

what is the goal of enzymes

Answer 23

• help molecules get past tension between each other
• provide enough kinetic energy to overcome repulsion between electrons

Question 24

where do substrates bind to

Answer 24

active site

Question 25

induced fit

Answer 25

enzyme changes shape of substrates and bring substrates together to form bonds

Question 26

what bond allows for substrates to bind

Answer 26

hydrogen binds

Question 27

transition state

Answer 27

- unstable condition; haven't fully connected yet

Question 28

activation energy

Answer 28

get substrates to finally link together

Question 29

what do reaction rates depend on

Answer 29

- kinetic energy of reactants - activation energy of particular reaction

Question 30

when do reactions occur

Answer 30

recants have enough kinetic energy to reach transition state

Question 31

what are the 3 enzyme steps

Answer 31

1. initiation- substrates go to active site 2. transition state facilitation- substrates start to bond and get over activation hump 3. termination- products made

Question 32

prosthetic groups

Answer 32

- permanently attached to proteins - force protein or enzyme to change shape

Question 33

competitive inhibtion

Answer 33

molecule competes with substrate for active site

Question 34

allosteric regulation

Answer 34

molecule binds at a location other than active site to either activate or deactivate enzyme

Question 35

metabolic pathways

Answer 35

series of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme - build biological molecules

Question 36

feedback inhibtion

Answer 36

enzyme in pathway is inhibited by final product of pathway - slow or increase production - way enzymes are regulated

Question 37

electron donor

Answer 37

give electrons

Question 38

electron acceptor

Answer 38

accepts electrons

Question 39

energy

Answer 39

- conserved - can only be transferred or transformed

Question 40

higher entropy

Answer 40

can rearrange while not changing structure (sand pile)

Question 41

lower entropy

Answer 41

very few ways to organize without changing shape (sand castle)