Chapter 9

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

• aerobic
• oxygen is used as sugar and broken down to carbon dioxide and water
• energy is released in the form of ATP

Question 2

what is required for cellular respiration

Answer 2

• breathing air and eating food (glucose and oxygen)

Question 3

how is ATP formed

Answer 3

ADP + P= ATP

Question 4

how and what is glucose oxidized to

Answer 4

• oxidized to CO2 through redox reactions

Question 5

what are the four stages of cellular respiration

Answer 5

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

glycolysis

Answer 6

• series of 10 reactions
• occurs within cytosol

Question 7

how does glycolysis start

Answer 7

uses 2 ATP in energy investment phase

Question 8

what is the products of glycolysis

Answer 8

• 2 NADH
• 2 ATP
• 2 pyruvate

Question 9

how does glycolysis make pyruvate

Answer 9

breaks down glucose into pyruvate

Question 10

how is NADH generated in glycolysis

Answer 10

through the oxidation step

Question 11

how is glycolysis regulated

Answer 11

feedback inhibition

Question 12

pyruvate processing

Answer 12

produced during glycolysis and is transported into mitochondria

Question 13

cristae

Answer 13

actual folds of mitochondria

Question 14

where does pyruvate processing occur

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

what is pyruvate oxidized into to

Answer 15

two carbon compound acetyl CoA

Question 16

what enzyme does pyruvate processing take place in

Answer 16

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 17

what is produced from pyruvate processing

Answer 17

• one of its carbons is oxidized to CO2
• NADH produced
• produce acetyl CoA

Question 18

citric acid cycle

Answer 18

completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2

Question 19

what are the products of the citric acid cycle

Answer 19

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

Question 20

how many times does the citric acid cycle occur

Answer 20

runs two times for each glucose

Question 21

what do 2 turns of the citric acid cycle produce per glucose

Answer 21

• 6 CO2
• 4 ATP
• 10 NADH
• 2 FADH2

Question 22

how is the citric acid cycle regulated

Answer 22

• different mechanisms of feedback inhibition can turn off the citric acid cycle
• reaction rates higher when ATP and NADH are scarce
• reaction rates are lower when ATP or NADH is abundant

Question 23

where does the citricmit acid cycle occur

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 24

main production of ATP through eceltron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 25

where does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 25

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 26

what is oxidative phosphorylation paired with

Answer 26

ETC - formed by carrier molecules - pass electrons from carrier to carrier and release energy

Question 27

chemiosmosis

Answer 27

movement of ions down an electrochemical gradient - drive ATP synthase

Question 28

what is the endpoint of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 28

ATP synthase

Question 29

what is the purpose of oxygen at the end of the ETC

Answer 29

- electron acceptor - gives electrons somewhere to go after the end of the process - oxygen gained a much of electron and is reduced to become H2O

Question 30

what goes in and comes out of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 30

- goes in: electron carriers and oxygen -comes out: ATP and H2O

Question 31

ATP synthase

Answer 31

enzyme that synthesizes ATP - protons move through a proton channel

Question 32

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

movement of protons - most of ATP made during cellular respiration is made during this process

Question 33

what organisms use aerobic respiration

Answer 33

all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

Question 34

what organisms use anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

some prokaryotes that are in oxygen poor environments

Question 35

what is the most effective electron acceptor

Answer 35

oxygen - highly electronegative

Question 36

what happens when thre is no electron acceptor

Answer 36

- electrons have no place to go - ETC stops - NADH builds up and there is no NAD+ available to accept electrons

Question 37

fermentation

Answer 37

- damage control - stops with pyruvate processing - metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH

Question 38

how much ATP does fermentation produce

Answer 38

2 ATP per glucose

Question 39

how much ATP is produced from cellular respiration

Answer 39

29 ATP per glucose

Question 40

what are organism called that can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration

Answer 40

facultative anaerobes - respond to their environment - use only when electron acceptor is not available

Question 41

catabolic pathways

Answer 41

break molecules down and tap into energy stored in those molecules

Question 42

anabolic pathways

Answer 42

- use ATP to put molecules together - synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components

Question 43

what moves pyruvate into mitochondria

Answer 43

transport proteins

Question 44

what is ATP synthase structure similar to

Answer 44

rotor

Question 45

what is the difference between energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

Answer 45

energy investment is the initial start and consumes 2 ATP and in energy payoff phase 2 ATP molecules and 1 NADH moleucle

Question 46

proton motive force

Answer 46

separation of positive H+ on outside of cell and OH- on inside of cell - stores potential energy