Chapter 8: Quantitative Research

Question 1

Number of Contacts

Answer 1

• cross-sectional
• before-and-after
• longitudional study

Question 2

Cross-sectional Studies

Answer 2

• epidemiological studies
• find out prevalence, attitude, problem of a phenomenon
• one contact with the study population
• 2 types: descriptive or analytical

Question 3

Advantage Cross-sectional Studies

Answer 3

easy and cheap

Question 4

Disadvantage Cross-sectional studies

Answer 4

• impossible to measure a change in a variable

Question 5

Before-and-After Studies

Answer 5

• participants are studies before and after the experimental manipulation
• assess impact of an intervention
• pre-test prior manipulation
• post-test after

Question 6

Advantage Before-After Studies

Answer 6

measure change

Question 7

Disadvantage Before-After Studies

Answer 7

• sensitive to extraneous variables
• expensive
• miss participant in the 2nd round
• “maturation effect”: time between tests
• “reactive effect”: instrument
• “regression effect”: change in attitude

Question 8

Longitudinal Study

Answer 8

• determine pattern of change in relation to time

- study same sample over time

Question 9

3 subtypes of Longitudinal Study

Answer 9

• panel
• cohort
• retroactive

Question 10

Preference Period of Study

Answer 10

• retrospective
• prospective
• retrospective - prospective

Question 11

Retrospective

Answer 11

• relationship between current phenomenon and another from the past
• using data from the past

Question 12

Prospective

Answer 12

• study a group of individuals for a defined period or until the occurrence of an event
• attempt to establish the onset of an event or what is likely to happen
• first time subjects are identified and then followed

Question 13

Retrospective-Prospective

Answer 13

• designs information on earlier periods and participants are followed prospectively

Question 14

Nature of Investigation

Answer 14

• Experimental
• Non-Experimental
• Quasi/Semi-Experimental

Question 15

Types of experimental studies

Answer 15

• post experimental
• before and after experimental
• control group
• double control group
• comparative desig
• matched control experimental
• placebo design

Question 16

Other Study Designs in Quantitative Studies

Answer 16

• online survey
• cross-over comparative experimental
• replicated cross-sectional design
• trend studies
• cohort studies
• panel studies
• blind studies
• double-blind studies

Question 17

Replicated cross-sectional design

Answer 17

taking a sample of subjects at different stages of the intervention

Question 18

Trend studies

Answer 18

changes in a phenomenon over period of time

Question 19

cohort studies

Answer 19

common characteristics: year, birth

Question 20

panel studies

Answer 20

similar to trend and cohort, but prospective and from same sample