What is a motor skill?
A voluntary, learned movement or action that requires coordination of muscle and brain processes
Explain why these are/aren’t motor skills
* Brushing your teeth, writing, putting on a shirt, tying your shoe,
riding a bike, throwing a javelin, removing hand after touching a
hot stove, patellar tendon reflex, kicking, walking, going to the
restroom, bouncing a basketball
- Patellar tendon reflex, going to the restroom, and removing hand after touching a hot sove is not a motor skills, but reflexes
What is considered skillful?
An athlete or performers that have achieved a criterion of excellence and can perform at a high level most of the time
Why is classifying skills for practitioners?
If a practitioner can classify a skill then they are better at adapting the learning experience to a changing environment, enabling better program/practice design, providing appropriate feedback, and maximizing motor learning
What is competency important for someone that can participate in multiple physical activiites? How does competency affect physical activity in general?
If an individual has competency in one skill can lead to increase competence in another
What are the types of skill classification? (In sports)
- Cognitive skills
- Perceptual skills
- Motor Skills
What are the criteria that are considered motor skills?
- Require muscles and limbs
- Must be goal oriented
- Are voluntary
- Must be learned or relearned
What are the fundamental motor skills that require more complicated sport-specific motor skills?
1) Nonlocomotor stability skills
2) Manipulative or object-control skills
3) Locomotor skills
What is an examples of cognitive skills and perceptual skills in sports?
Cognitive: Is the mental processes used to think, analyze, and decide
- A soccer player deciding whether to pass or shoot (They must analyze the position of teammates and opponent)
Perceptual: The ability to interpret sensory information (like sight or sound)
- A tennis player reading their opponent’s body language to anticipate a serve direction
There is an example of a developmental taxonomy progression shown in class regarding of kicking a ball, what is that progression?
Step 1: Kick a stationary ball into a goal while standing still
Step 2: Take a step and kick a stationary ball into a goal
Step 3: Run and kick a stationary ball into a goal
Step 4: Dribble the ball and kick into a goal
Step 5: Dribble the ball and kick into a goal that is being guarded
What does it mean by single-dimensional classification?
a single-dimensional approach focuses on how predictable or unpredictable the environment is when a skill is performed
What are the two types of skills related to environmental predictability?
Open skills and closed skills
What is open skills?
Unpredictable environment
- The environment is changing and unpredictable, often requiring reaction and adaptation
- Performer is not aware of what movement type is required until moments before making it
- Successful performance depends less on mastering technique and more on focusing on selecting the appropriate response/adapting
like: Passing a soccer ball
Or the sport soccer
What is close skills
Predictable environment
- The environment is stable, and the performer controls the timing
- Performer controls the performance situation because the object being acted on does not change
like: shooting a free throw in basketball
or bowling
What is intertrial variability?
What are examples of no intertrial variability and yes to variability?
Whether the conditions or environment change between repetitions (trials) of the same skill
No intertrial variability: Hitting a target from the exact location (or shooting free throws at the same spot)
Yes intertrial variability: Catching a ball thrown at different speeds
What can a practitioner do in the context of a skill in terms of a single-dimensional classification?
Practitioners can decide by changing the context of a skill to make it more closed to simplify the learning process (such as drills)
Which skills is likely to have inter-trial variability?
Open skills
- This is because the environment is always moving and changing, and for the most part open skills have intertrial variability
*Doesn’t mean that all are intertrial but some can of intertrial bariability that is less
What might change for closed skills in terms of inter-trial variability? what is important for those skills?
- Technique development is critical
- Learners must also be able to use that technique according to the situation (whether that is a game or a drill)
What are the types of time-constraint taxonomy? Examples?
- Self-paced skills (A foul shot or a gold swing)
- Externally-paced skills (Batting or a soccer shot)
What is the “nature of the skill?” What are the types of those skills?
In motor learning and control, “nature of the skill” refers to how the movement unfolds over time.
These skills are
1. Discrete
2. Serial
3. Continuous
What is a discrete skill? Example
Has a clear beginning and end; brief in duration
Example: Kicking a ball, throwing a punch. (Throwing or catching)
What is a serial skill? Example
A sequence of discrete actions performed in order
Example: Gymnastics, or triple jump (Wrestling takedown or basketball layup)
What is a continuous skill
Has no obvious beginning or end; ongoing and rhythmic
- Swimming, running
What are the two types of Gentile multidimensional classification?
Environmental context and action requirements
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Chapter - Skill classification45
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Chapter 1 - Perspectives in Motor Behavior33
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Chapter 2 - Theoretical constructs of motor behavior8
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Chapter 3 - Understanding Movement Control5
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Infant Motor Development30
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Object control Skills in Childhood19
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Movement in Adulthood20
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Stages of Skill Acquisition - Chapter 510
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Assessing Motor Learning - Chapter 643
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Prepractice Considerations - Chapter 1835
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Feedback - Chapter 2018
