What is learning in OB?
A relatively permanent change in behaviour potential due to experience or practice.
What is operant learning theory (Skinner)?
Behaviour is controlled by its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
What are the four key consequences in operant learning?
- Positive reinforcement → add pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour.
- Negative reinforcement → remove unpleasant stimulus to increase behaviour.
- Extinction → remove reinforcement → behaviour fades.
- Punishment → add unpleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour.
Why is negative reinforcement not the same as punishment?
Negative reinforcement increases behaviour by removing something unpleasant; punishment decreases behaviour by adding something unpleasant.
What are the two main reinforcement schedules?
- Continuous: reinforcement after every behaviour → fast learning, low persistence.
- Partial: reinforcement sometimes → slower learning, higher persistence.
What is social cognitive theory (Bandura)?
People learn not just from consequences, but by observing others, developing self-efficacy, and self-regulating behaviour.
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others, seeing their consequences, and imitating if favourable.
What is self-efficacy in learning?
Belief in one’s ability to successfully perform a specific task.
What are the four sources of self-efficacy?
- Performance mastery
- Observation of others
- Verbal persuasion/social influence
- Physiological/emotional states
What is self-regulation?
Setting goals, monitoring behaviour, evaluating against standards, adjusting behaviour, and rewarding oneself.
What are some applications of learning theories in organizations?
OB Mod (behaviour modification), employee recognition programs, training & development.
