List and define the two types on leader proffered by Bennis
A transactional leader - sees their relationship with their followers in terms of a trade, they give
followers what they want in exchange for service, loyalty and compliance.
A transformational leader sees their role as inspiring and motivating others at levels beyond mere compliance.
What are the skills Boyd explains a new type of transformational leader needs.
Anticipatory skills
Visioning skills
Value congruence skills
Empowerment skills
Self-understanding
What are the 4 approaches to management control
Classical approach - In this approach, control is essential due to the hierarchical structure of the organisation. It is based on rules and regulations.
Scientific approach - This approach uses job, process analysis and time study to establish optimum production methods and rates.
Human relations approach - This approach highlights the importance of social organisation and informal relationships.
Contingency approach - In this approach, organisational control is viewed as a variable and the nature of effective control depends on the situation.
What are the 4 types of organisational control.
Personal centralised control - This type of control is found in small businesses where the owner is the manager and makes all the decisions.
Authority is based on the leader’s charisma. They reward and punish the staff personally.
Bureaucratic control - This type of control is achieved by establishing a system of rules, procedures, standardisation and hierarchy. For example, in a government department.
Reward and punishment systems are used to reinforce the control strategy.
Output control - This type of control is based on output standards and targets.
There is little in the way of control from management as employees know the level of performance required to meet the targets set. It is most appropriate where there is a need for quantifiable and simple measures of organisational performance. For example, in a large manufacturing company.
Clan/Cultural control - This type of control is based on the shared belief that all team members are equally valued and should be respected. For example, in a firm of accountants. Employees strongly identify with management goals and have the necessary skills and experience, they are given the freedom of choosing how to complete their allocated tasks.
What is the employee responsibilities of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1975 (HASAWA)
Maintain and provide safe plants and systems.
Introduce controls to reduce risks.
Maintain a safe workplace.
Carry out risk assessments to address all risks that might cause harm in the workplace
Provide information in the workplace about how employees and others are protected and instruct them how they can deal with the risks.
Display Health and Safety Regulations in a prominent position in every workplace or provide each worker with a copy
What are the 4 perspectives to assess organisational performance under Kaplan and Nortons balanced scorecard.
Financial
Customer
Innovation/Growth/Learning
Internal Business
What are the different levels of culture depicted by Edgar Schein
Artefacts - It includes visible elements like offices, dress code, office layout, logos and branding.
Values - - Values are the things which can be identified from stories. It tells individuals what is regarded as important, what sort of behaviour is desirable, and includes items such as language used.
Basic assumptions - Deeply held beliefs which guide an individual’s behaviour are known as ‘Basic assumptions’.
What are Mickinsey’s 7 S’s
Strategy
systems
shared values
staff
style
skills
structure
What are Handy’s 4 types of culture
Zeus (power culture)
Organisation is controlled by a key central figure, owner or founder. Power is direct, personal and informal
Apollo (role culture)
Classical, rational organisation: bureaucracy. Stable, slow-changing, formalised and impersonal.
Athena (task culture)
Management is directed at outputs: problems solved and projects completed. Team based, flexible. Expertise valued.
Dionysus (person culture)
The purpose of the organisation is to serve the interests of the individuals who make it up. Management is directed at facilitating
What are the 4 cultural types from Miles and Snow
Prospectors - characterised by a focus on results
Analysers - try to balance risk and profits
Defenders - Take low risks and prefer secure niche markets
Reactors - Do not have any fixed during strategies, they respond to external demands and changes as they arise.
