burgess model
- one of the earliest models to explain urban social structures
- based on the idea that land values are highest in the centre of the city because of high competition
disadvantages of burgess model
1) old- developed before the advent of mass car ownership
2) many people now choose to live and work outside the city on the urban fringe which is not shown on the burgess model
3) no such thing as a typical city
structure of burgess model
-CBD- uses: commercial; characteristics: high rise buildings, high density
Transition- uses: industry; characteristics: factories; no houses-residential(lower class)- characteristics: terrace houses- residential(middle class) - characteristics: semi-detached houses- residential(upper class)- characteristics: low density of buildings, sparse development
Hoyt model
- based on the idea that cities expand in sectors of similar land uses
- 1939
limitations of the hoyt model
1) does not make allowances for private cars that enable commuting from outside the boundries
2) physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges
CBD
- economic and commercial core of a city
- highest land values
- most accessible to public transport
characteristics of the CBD
Vertical zoning- shops and services occupy lower floors of building
low residential population- high rent; some luxury flats
absence of manufacturing - few specialised activities e.g. newspapers
concentration of offices- central location needed for clients and workforce
multi storey development- high land values encourage buildings to grow upwards
pedestrianisation- limited movement of vehicles; made shopping safer but some town centres have lost character
comprehensive redevelopment- extended into inner city causing conflict with residents; shift centre of cbd causing businesses to decline
concentration of retailing- dept stores and high threshold stores occupy the centre; specialist shops occupy less accessible sites
core and frame model
core- land is expensive; vertical development; daytime population
frame- lower land values; less intensively developed
CBD problems and solutions
pollution- introduction of park and ride, bike to work, car sharing,pedestrianisation
congestion- congestion charge e.g. london , park and ride scheme
lack of space- vertical zoning
high cost of land- encourage/offer incentives to locate elsewhere
planning restrictions- less strict planning controls to maximise potential areas.
fear of crime- city centre managers/ 24 hour shopping/ designing out crime
peak land value intersection
- highest land value and commerce- located in the cbd- greatest density of transport links
bid rent theory
- how the price and demand of real estate changes as move further away from the cbd
- different land users compete for land close to the city centre
- retail companies are more willing to pay more money for land close to the cbd and less for land further out; more accessible an area is the more profitable it is
