transects
- collect at least ten sampling sites per route- be aware of the weather , season and other local factors such as footpath trampling- draw attention to any deviations from your route as these can affect your data
systematic sampling
- collecting data in a regular and consistent manner- e.g. by asking every tenth person or measuring every 10 metres
stratified sampling
- based on prior knowledge of a characteristic of the population- sampling is then undertaken to ensure that the sample reflects the whole population- e.g if 50% of a town’s residents were known to be retired then 50% of the questionnaire responses would be taken from retired people
questionaires
- location can affect the data sample e.g. shoppers visiting marks and spencers are likely to have a different view to those visiting game- mention the characteristics of the area you did the questionnaire in e.g. if there were chain shops, independent shops, discount shops etc)- collect at least 30 responses- data affected by weather or time off day- think about what groups might over or under represented e.g. pensioners, teenagers, mums with babies- explain your reasoning for this and suggest why your results may be different if the circumstances were different- draw attention to any biases there may be e.g. if your avoiding those who are in a rush
hypothesis
- a statement which will be proved true or false
- based upon a key question
beach transect
1) we selected equidistant sampling points for beach profiles along the length of the beach. we chose varying points from around the cove from the middle to the sides
2) at each sampling point we placed a ranging pole at the start and finish and laid the tape measure between the poles in the straight line. The start should be at the low tide mark but we chose the point of the water line for safety reasons
3) the main changes in slope angle up the beach were noted and used to inform the sections for the profile
4) for each section the clinometer was used to record the change in slope angle and the distance along the tape measure was noted. we used vertical meter rulers to ensure a consistent height at which the change in angle was measured. these measurements were noted on a recording sheet
5) this was repeated all along the slope at places where there was obvious changes in slope angle
beach sediment size
- you need to place the tape measure up the transect so you can take a sample after every meter. at 1m take at least 3 samples and measure the c axis of all of these. record the results in a table on a recording sheet. repeat all the way up the transect.
closed questions
- certain number of answers pros: data is easy to record not time consuming you control the data you want to collect can group data
cons:
- data is limited
- the person’s answer might not be one of the answers
- people may lie
open questions
- any answer
pros:
-data is varied - more likely to answer hypothesis
cons:
- people may lie
- time consuming
- may not get all the data down/ not easy to record
- can’t easily group data
traffic count
- at three different locations conduct, for three minutes, a traffic survey of all the cars,lorries,vans,motorbikes and bikes that pass a particular point on both sides of the road
pedestrian count
record the location of the three sites on a map of the area you are going to conduct the pedestrian count. record the number of people passing in both directions and both sides of the road(if applicable) for 3 minutes using a stopwatch. record your data in a table using a tally method. repeat on the way back and take an average on all three sites.
environmental quality assessment
at 4 different locations conduct an evironmental quality assessment. at each location score the site on its : litter/vandalism, traffic congestion; Noise; greenery and upkeep of buildings on to a recording sheet where 5 is good and 1 is bad.
proportional circles
- the area of the circle is proportional to the umber it represents
- if you the number you want it to represent you can use this form to work out the radius:
r= square root A/pi - if the number is large eg 1000 then divide it by ten or 100 or whats ever applicable
flowline map
- shows the amount of movement along a particular route
- the width is proportional to the size of the flow
- 1mm = 1 journey
- key and scale and title
choropleth map
map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income.
